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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Administrative and Regulatory Issues; 1: Society ofßCardiovascular Patient Care Heart Failure Accreditation; Introduction; Heart Failure Accreditation; The Process; Essential Components; Governance; Community; Prehospital; Early Stabilization; Acute Care; Transitions; Clinical Quality; Summary; References; 2: The Economics andßReimbursement ofßCongestive Heart Failure; Introduction; Burden ofßDisease; Hospital Care; The Observation Unit andßHeart Failure; Disease Management inßHeart Failure; Clinical Outcomes.
Cost-Effectiveness ofßtheßOU Observation Services Reimbursement; Consolidated vs. Virtual Design; Emerging Trends; Y-Model; References; 3: Regulatory Requirements inßAcute Heart Failure; Coverage Determination Regulations inßAcute Heart Failure; Observation Unit Regulations inßAcute Heart Failure; Quality Regulations inßAcute Heart Failure Linked toßMedicare Payment; References; 4: Quality andßOperational Metrics inßHeart Failure; Quality andßIts Measurement; Structure andßProcess: TheßLanguage ofßOperational Metrics; Structure; Disease Management Programs.
Coordinated Systems ofßCare Process; Outcomes: Quality inßAction; Survival; Resource Utilization; Patient-Centered; Toward Quality Improvement; Clinical Practice Guidelines; Performance Measures; Accreditation; References; 5: Interaction ofßPerformance Measurements, Staffing, andßFacility Requirements forßtheßHeart Failure Observation Unit; Performance Measurements; Staffing; Facility Requirements; References; Part II: Pathophysiology and Demographics; 6: Heart Failure: Epidemiology andßDemographics; Health care Burden; Hospitalization/Ambulatory Care; Mortality; Diagnosis.
Risk FactorsReferences; 7: Pathophysiology ofßAcute Decompensated Heart Failure; Introduction; Hemodynamic Dysfunction; Pathophysiology ofßNeurohormonal Compensatory Mechanisms; Clinical Presentation; Precipitating Factors andßClinical Outcome; Therapeutic Implications ofßExcessive Neurohormonal Activation; Summary; References; Part III: Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Department Assessment and Treatment of Acute Heart Failure; 8: The Out-of-Hospital Management ofßAcute Heart Failure; Introduction; Pathogenesis ofßAcute Heart Failure; Field Assessment; Electrocardiogram.
Emergency Medical Services Scope ofßPractice The Emergency Medical Services Challenge; Prehospital Management ofßAcute Pulmonary Edema; Reduction ofßLeft Ventricular Preload; Nitrates; Morphine; Furosemide; Combined Drug Therapies withßNitroglycerin, Furosemide, andßMorphine; Reduction ofßLeft Ventricular Afterload; Nitrates at Higher Doses; Ventilatory Support; Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; Nonacute Prehospital Management ofßHeart Failure; References; 9: Dyspnea Assessment andßAirway Management inßAcute Heart Failure Patients; Assessment ofßDyspnea.
Cost-Effectiveness ofßtheßOU Observation Services Reimbursement; Consolidated vs. Virtual Design; Emerging Trends; Y-Model; References; 3: Regulatory Requirements inßAcute Heart Failure; Coverage Determination Regulations inßAcute Heart Failure; Observation Unit Regulations inßAcute Heart Failure; Quality Regulations inßAcute Heart Failure Linked toßMedicare Payment; References; 4: Quality andßOperational Metrics inßHeart Failure; Quality andßIts Measurement; Structure andßProcess: TheßLanguage ofßOperational Metrics; Structure; Disease Management Programs.
Coordinated Systems ofßCare Process; Outcomes: Quality inßAction; Survival; Resource Utilization; Patient-Centered; Toward Quality Improvement; Clinical Practice Guidelines; Performance Measures; Accreditation; References; 5: Interaction ofßPerformance Measurements, Staffing, andßFacility Requirements forßtheßHeart Failure Observation Unit; Performance Measurements; Staffing; Facility Requirements; References; Part II: Pathophysiology and Demographics; 6: Heart Failure: Epidemiology andßDemographics; Health care Burden; Hospitalization/Ambulatory Care; Mortality; Diagnosis.
Risk FactorsReferences; 7: Pathophysiology ofßAcute Decompensated Heart Failure; Introduction; Hemodynamic Dysfunction; Pathophysiology ofßNeurohormonal Compensatory Mechanisms; Clinical Presentation; Precipitating Factors andßClinical Outcome; Therapeutic Implications ofßExcessive Neurohormonal Activation; Summary; References; Part III: Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Department Assessment and Treatment of Acute Heart Failure; 8: The Out-of-Hospital Management ofßAcute Heart Failure; Introduction; Pathogenesis ofßAcute Heart Failure; Field Assessment; Electrocardiogram.
Emergency Medical Services Scope ofßPractice The Emergency Medical Services Challenge; Prehospital Management ofßAcute Pulmonary Edema; Reduction ofßLeft Ventricular Preload; Nitrates; Morphine; Furosemide; Combined Drug Therapies withßNitroglycerin, Furosemide, andßMorphine; Reduction ofßLeft Ventricular Afterload; Nitrates at Higher Doses; Ventilatory Support; Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; Nonacute Prehospital Management ofßHeart Failure; References; 9: Dyspnea Assessment andßAirway Management inßAcute Heart Failure Patients; Assessment ofßDyspnea.