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Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition; Preface to the First Edition; Contents; Phasor Measurement Techniques; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Historical Overview; 1.2 Phasor Representation of Sinusoids; 1.3 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform; 1.3.1 Fourier Series; 1.3.2 Fourier Transform; 1.4 Sampled Data and Aliasing; 1.5 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT); 1.5.1 DFT and Fourier Series; 1.5.2 DFT and Phasor Representation; 1.6 Leakage Phenomena; References; 2 Phasor Estimation of Nominal Frequency Inputs; 2.1 Phasors of Nominal Frequency Signals; 2.2 Formulas for Updating Phasors; 2.2.1 Non-recursive Updates.
2.2.2 Recursive Updates2.3 Effect of Signal, Noise, and Window Length; 2.3.1 Errors in Sampling Times; 2.4 Phasor Estimation with Fractional Cycle Data Window; 2.5 Quality of Phasor Estimate and Transient Monitor; 2.6 DC Offset in Input Signals; 2.7 Non-DFT Estimators; References; 3 Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs; 3.1 Types of Frequency Excursions Found in Power Systems; 3.2 DFT Estimate at Off-Nominal Frequency with a Nominal Frequency Clock; 3.2.1 Input Signal at Off-Nominal Frequency; 3.3 Post Processing for Off-Nominal Frequency Estimates.
3.3.1 A Simple Averaging Digital Filter for 2f03.3.2 A Re-sampling Filter; 3.4 Phasor Estimates of Pure Positive Sequence Signals; 3.4.1 Symmetrical Components; 3.5 Estimates of Unbalanced Input Signals; 3.5.1 Unbalanced Inputs at Off-Nominal Frequency; 3.5.2 A Nomogram; 3.6 Sampling Clocks Locked to the Power Frequency; 3.7 Non-DFT Type Phasor Estimators; References; 4 Frequency Estimation; 4.1 Historical Overview of Frequency Measurement; 4.2 Frequency Estimates from Balanced Three-Phase Inputs; 4.3 Frequency Estimates from Unbalanced Inputs; 4.4 Nonlinear Frequency Estimators.
4.5 Other Techniques for Frequency MeasurementsReferences; 5 Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 A Generic PMU; 5.3 The Global Positioning System; 5.4 Hierarchy for Phasor Measurement Systems; 5.5 Communication Options for PMUs; 5.6 Standards; 5.6.1 History; 5.6.2 Synchrophasor Measurement; 5.6.3 Synchrophasor Communication; 5.6.4 PDC Files; References; 6 Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Nature of Transients in Power Systems; 6.2.1 Electromagnetic Transients; 6.2.2 Electromechanical Transients.
6.3 Transient Response of Instrument Transformers6.3.1 Voltage Transformers; 6.3.2 Current Transformers; 6.4 Transient Response of Filters; 6.4.1 Surge Suppression Filters; 6.4.2 Anti-aliasing Filters; 6.5 Transient Response During Electromagnetic Transients; 6.6 Transient Response During Power Swings; 6.6.1 Amplitude Modulation; 6.6.2 Frequency Modulation; 6.6.3 Simultaneous Amplitude and Frequency Modulation; 6.6.4 Aliasing Considerations in Phasor Reporting Rates; References; Phasor Measurement Applications; 7 State Estimation; 7.1 History-Operator's Load Flow; 7.2 Weighted Least Square.
2.2.2 Recursive Updates2.3 Effect of Signal, Noise, and Window Length; 2.3.1 Errors in Sampling Times; 2.4 Phasor Estimation with Fractional Cycle Data Window; 2.5 Quality of Phasor Estimate and Transient Monitor; 2.6 DC Offset in Input Signals; 2.7 Non-DFT Estimators; References; 3 Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs; 3.1 Types of Frequency Excursions Found in Power Systems; 3.2 DFT Estimate at Off-Nominal Frequency with a Nominal Frequency Clock; 3.2.1 Input Signal at Off-Nominal Frequency; 3.3 Post Processing for Off-Nominal Frequency Estimates.
3.3.1 A Simple Averaging Digital Filter for 2f03.3.2 A Re-sampling Filter; 3.4 Phasor Estimates of Pure Positive Sequence Signals; 3.4.1 Symmetrical Components; 3.5 Estimates of Unbalanced Input Signals; 3.5.1 Unbalanced Inputs at Off-Nominal Frequency; 3.5.2 A Nomogram; 3.6 Sampling Clocks Locked to the Power Frequency; 3.7 Non-DFT Type Phasor Estimators; References; 4 Frequency Estimation; 4.1 Historical Overview of Frequency Measurement; 4.2 Frequency Estimates from Balanced Three-Phase Inputs; 4.3 Frequency Estimates from Unbalanced Inputs; 4.4 Nonlinear Frequency Estimators.
4.5 Other Techniques for Frequency MeasurementsReferences; 5 Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 A Generic PMU; 5.3 The Global Positioning System; 5.4 Hierarchy for Phasor Measurement Systems; 5.5 Communication Options for PMUs; 5.6 Standards; 5.6.1 History; 5.6.2 Synchrophasor Measurement; 5.6.3 Synchrophasor Communication; 5.6.4 PDC Files; References; 6 Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Nature of Transients in Power Systems; 6.2.1 Electromagnetic Transients; 6.2.2 Electromechanical Transients.
6.3 Transient Response of Instrument Transformers6.3.1 Voltage Transformers; 6.3.2 Current Transformers; 6.4 Transient Response of Filters; 6.4.1 Surge Suppression Filters; 6.4.2 Anti-aliasing Filters; 6.5 Transient Response During Electromagnetic Transients; 6.6 Transient Response During Power Swings; 6.6.1 Amplitude Modulation; 6.6.2 Frequency Modulation; 6.6.3 Simultaneous Amplitude and Frequency Modulation; 6.6.4 Aliasing Considerations in Phasor Reporting Rates; References; Phasor Measurement Applications; 7 State Estimation; 7.1 History-Operator's Load Flow; 7.2 Weighted Least Square.