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Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Towards Closing the ``Terahertz Gap''; 1.1.1 Why Is the ``Terahertz Gap'' Interesting; 1.1.1.1 Continuous-Wave Terahertz System for Inspection Applications; 1.1.1.2 Giga-Bit Wireless Link Using 300-400GHz Bands; 1.1.2 A Brief History of Terahertz Technologies; 1.2 Introduction to Metamaterials; 1.2.1 A Brief History; 1.2.2 Overview of Metamaterials; 1.2.2.1 Magnetic Split-Ring Resonator (SRR); 1.2.2.2 Electrically Coupled LC Resonator (ELC); 1.2.3 Metamaterials: A Suitable Technology for Terahertz Devices.
1.2.3.1 Brief Overview of Metamaterial Based Terahertz Devices1.3 Overview of Terahertz Wave Modulators; References; 2 Background Theory; 2.1 Plane Waves in a Nonconducting Medium; 2.1.1 Negative Refractive Index; 2.1.2 Propagation of Waves in Left-Handed Material; 2.1.3 Propagation of Waves in Single Negative Medium; 2.2 Dispersion in Nonconductors; 2.2.1 Lorentz Oscillator Model for Permitivity; 2.2.2 Anomalous Dispersion and Resonant Absorption; 2.3 Metamaterial as a Modulator; References; 3 Experimental Methods; 3.1 Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulations of Metamaterials.
3.1.1 Boundary and Symmetry Conditions3.1.2 Homogenous Parameter Extraction; 3.2 Design for Fabrication in Foundry Processes; 3.2.1 Typical 45nm CMOS Process; 3.2.2 Physical Properties of Metal and Dielectrics at Optical Frequencies; 3.2.3 Case Studies; 3.2.3.1 Single Layer Metamaterial Operating at 100m Wavelength; 3.2.3.2 Multi-Layer Metamaterial Design; 3.3 Test and Characterization; 3.3.1 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS); 3.3.1.1 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectrometer; 3.3.1.2 Laser Sources; 3.3.1.3 THz Transmitters and Detectors; 3.3.1.4 Bandwidth Limitation of THz Detectors.
3.3.1.5 Collimating and Focusing Optics3.3.1.6 Lock-In Detection; 3.3.1.7 Terahertz Time-Domain Data Analysis; 3.3.2 Continuous-Wave (cw) Terahertz Spectroscopy; 3.3.2.1 A Continuous-Wave Terahertz (cw-THz) Spectrometer; 3.3.2.2 Laser Sources; 3.3.2.3 THz Transmitters and Detectors; 3.3.2.4 Data Analysis; 3.3.3 Optical Alignment of Off-Axis Parabolic Mirrors; 3.3.3.1 Alignment Procedure; 3.3.3.2 Vertical Alignment; 3.3.3.3 Horizontal Alignment; References; 4 High-Speed Terahertz Modulation Using Active Metamaterial; 4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Design Principle of the HEMT Controlled MetamaterialModulator4.2.1 Circuit Model for the Electric-Coupled LC(ELC) Resonator; 4.2.2 Principle of Voltage Controlled Terahertz WaveModulator; 4.3 Design and Fabrication; 4.4 Experimental Setup; 4.5 Results and Discussion; 4.5.1 THz Transmission with DC-Biased HEMT; 4.5.2 Computational Investigation; 4.5.3 High Frequency THz Modulation; References; 5 A Terahertz Spatial Light Modulator for Imaging Application; 5.1 Introduction to Single-Pixel Imaging; 5.1.1 A Brief Historical Perspective; 5.1.2 Imaging Theory.
1.2.3.1 Brief Overview of Metamaterial Based Terahertz Devices1.3 Overview of Terahertz Wave Modulators; References; 2 Background Theory; 2.1 Plane Waves in a Nonconducting Medium; 2.1.1 Negative Refractive Index; 2.1.2 Propagation of Waves in Left-Handed Material; 2.1.3 Propagation of Waves in Single Negative Medium; 2.2 Dispersion in Nonconductors; 2.2.1 Lorentz Oscillator Model for Permitivity; 2.2.2 Anomalous Dispersion and Resonant Absorption; 2.3 Metamaterial as a Modulator; References; 3 Experimental Methods; 3.1 Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulations of Metamaterials.
3.1.1 Boundary and Symmetry Conditions3.1.2 Homogenous Parameter Extraction; 3.2 Design for Fabrication in Foundry Processes; 3.2.1 Typical 45nm CMOS Process; 3.2.2 Physical Properties of Metal and Dielectrics at Optical Frequencies; 3.2.3 Case Studies; 3.2.3.1 Single Layer Metamaterial Operating at 100m Wavelength; 3.2.3.2 Multi-Layer Metamaterial Design; 3.3 Test and Characterization; 3.3.1 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS); 3.3.1.1 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectrometer; 3.3.1.2 Laser Sources; 3.3.1.3 THz Transmitters and Detectors; 3.3.1.4 Bandwidth Limitation of THz Detectors.
3.3.1.5 Collimating and Focusing Optics3.3.1.6 Lock-In Detection; 3.3.1.7 Terahertz Time-Domain Data Analysis; 3.3.2 Continuous-Wave (cw) Terahertz Spectroscopy; 3.3.2.1 A Continuous-Wave Terahertz (cw-THz) Spectrometer; 3.3.2.2 Laser Sources; 3.3.2.3 THz Transmitters and Detectors; 3.3.2.4 Data Analysis; 3.3.3 Optical Alignment of Off-Axis Parabolic Mirrors; 3.3.3.1 Alignment Procedure; 3.3.3.2 Vertical Alignment; 3.3.3.3 Horizontal Alignment; References; 4 High-Speed Terahertz Modulation Using Active Metamaterial; 4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Design Principle of the HEMT Controlled MetamaterialModulator4.2.1 Circuit Model for the Electric-Coupled LC(ELC) Resonator; 4.2.2 Principle of Voltage Controlled Terahertz WaveModulator; 4.3 Design and Fabrication; 4.4 Experimental Setup; 4.5 Results and Discussion; 4.5.1 THz Transmission with DC-Biased HEMT; 4.5.2 Computational Investigation; 4.5.3 High Frequency THz Modulation; References; 5 A Terahertz Spatial Light Modulator for Imaging Application; 5.1 Introduction to Single-Pixel Imaging; 5.1.1 A Brief Historical Perspective; 5.1.2 Imaging Theory.