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Foreword; Contents; 1 Introduction; 2 Application of Countermeasures to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones as a Response to Large-Scale Refugee Outflows; 2.1 Analysis of the Requirements for a Countermeasures Defense to Establish of Safe Zones; 2.1.1 A Response to a Previous Internationally Wrongful Act; 2.1.2 The Responsible State Must Be Called upon to Return to a Lawful Situation Before Countermeasures Are Adopted; 2.1.3 Countermeasures Must Be Directed Only Against the Wrongdoer State to Induce Compliance with Its International Obligations; 2.1.4 Duration; 2.1.5 Reversibility
2.1.6 Proportionality2.2 Collective Countermeasures; 2.3 Forcible Countermeasures; 2.3.1 Character of the Use of Force; 2.3.2 The Ban on the Use of Force and Forcible Countermeasures; 2.3.3 Forcible Measures Against Large-Scale Refugee Outflows; 3 Application of the Concept of Necessity to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones to Prevent Large-Scale Refugee Outflows; 3.1 Analysis of the Requirements for a Necessity Defense to Establish of Safe Zones; 3.1.1 An 'Essential Interest' of the State Must Be at Stake; 3.1.2 Presence of a 'Grave and Imminent Peril'
3.1.3 The State Must Have no Other Means of Safeguarding Its Interest3.1.3.1 Resettlement of Refugees in Third States; 3.1.3.2 Refugee Camps/Accommodation Centers in the Refugee-Receiving Country; 3.1.3.3 Border Closure; 3.1.3.4 Establishment of Safe Zones in the Refugee-Generating Country; 3.1.4 Balancing Conflicting Interests; 3.1.5 State's Contribution to the Occurrence of the Situation of Necessity; 3.2 Application of the Necessity Doctrine to Justify Forcible Action Abroad
4 Application of the Humanitarian Intervention Doctrine to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones to Alleviate Human Suffering4.1 Responsibility to Protect or Humanitarian Intervention?; 4.2 Breaking the Sovereignty Shield; 4.3 The Link Between Human Suffering, Refugee Outflows and International Security; 4.4 Historical Instances of Humanitarian Intervention; 4.5 Legality of Humanitarian Intervention and the Establishment of Safe Zones; 4.6 Disinterest; 5 Conclusion; References; List of Cases
2.1.6 Proportionality2.2 Collective Countermeasures; 2.3 Forcible Countermeasures; 2.3.1 Character of the Use of Force; 2.3.2 The Ban on the Use of Force and Forcible Countermeasures; 2.3.3 Forcible Measures Against Large-Scale Refugee Outflows; 3 Application of the Concept of Necessity to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones to Prevent Large-Scale Refugee Outflows; 3.1 Analysis of the Requirements for a Necessity Defense to Establish of Safe Zones; 3.1.1 An 'Essential Interest' of the State Must Be at Stake; 3.1.2 Presence of a 'Grave and Imminent Peril'
3.1.3 The State Must Have no Other Means of Safeguarding Its Interest3.1.3.1 Resettlement of Refugees in Third States; 3.1.3.2 Refugee Camps/Accommodation Centers in the Refugee-Receiving Country; 3.1.3.3 Border Closure; 3.1.3.4 Establishment of Safe Zones in the Refugee-Generating Country; 3.1.4 Balancing Conflicting Interests; 3.1.5 State's Contribution to the Occurrence of the Situation of Necessity; 3.2 Application of the Necessity Doctrine to Justify Forcible Action Abroad
4 Application of the Humanitarian Intervention Doctrine to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones to Alleviate Human Suffering4.1 Responsibility to Protect or Humanitarian Intervention?; 4.2 Breaking the Sovereignty Shield; 4.3 The Link Between Human Suffering, Refugee Outflows and International Security; 4.4 Historical Instances of Humanitarian Intervention; 4.5 Legality of Humanitarian Intervention and the Establishment of Safe Zones; 4.6 Disinterest; 5 Conclusion; References; List of Cases