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Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Abstract; 1 Introduction; References; Bioengineering and Animal Stem Cells; 2 Current Status and Perspectives in Stem Cell Research: The Concept of Normal Stem (NSC) and Cancer Stem Cell (CSC); Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Stemness, Migration, Circulation, and Seeding; 2.3 Mobilization; 2.4 Similarities and Differences Between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells; 2.5 Similarities and Differences Between Normal and Cancer Stem Cell; 2.6 Resume Based upon Similarities and Differences Between NSCs and CSCs
2.7 What and Which Molecular Markers of CSCs We Know Today?2.8 Isolation of CSCs Using Magnetic Beads; 2.9 Theories of Origin of CSCs; 2.10 Current Tests for Determination of the Presence of CSCs; 2.11 Sorting and Isolation of CTC Using the Method of Magnetic Levitation; 2.12 The Emergence/Origin and Development of CSC: Mechanisms; 2.13 Aberrant Methylation; 2.14 What Do We Need to Do with the Sum of Information?; 2.15 How Was the Concept of CSC Therapy Designed?; References; 3 Essential Characteristics of Stem Cells: Self-renewal, and Plasticity; Abstract; 3.1 The Nature of Stem Cells
3.2 Self-renewal and Its Significance for Stem Cells3.3 Plasticity/Pluripotency of Animal Stem Cells and Its Mechanisms; 3.4 Other Features of Significance; References; 4 Stem Cell Sources and Types of Animal Stem Cells; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Embryonic SCs (ES or ESC); 4.3 Fetal Stem Cells (FSC); 4.4 Bone Marrow and Other Adult Stem Cells Sources; References; 5 Stemness and Stem Cell Markers; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Markers and Pluripotency; 5.3 Fetal Stem Cell Markers; 5.4 Cord Blood Stem Cell Markers; 5.5 Placental Stem Cell Markers
5.6 Adult Stem Cell MarkersReferences; 6 Stem Cell Signaling Molecules and Pathways; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 ESC-Wnt Signaling; 6.2.1 Significant Discoveries in Wnt; 6.3 Notch Signaling; 6.4 The Human Hedgehog Signaling; 6.5 TGF-Beta Signaling; 6.6 Signaling Mechanisms in Adult Human Cells (HSC and MSC); 6.7 Pathways in Adult HSC; 6.8 Pathways in Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells; 6.9 Pathways in CSC; 6.10 The JAK (Janus Kinase)/STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) Signal Mechanism; References
7 Expansion of Stem Cells: Propagation of Animal Stem Cells Ex Vivo (In Culture)Abstract; 7.1 What Is Expansion and What Do We Expect from Expansion?; 7.2 Basic Concept-Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Cells Today; 7.2.1 Molecules; 7.2.2 Distinct Stimuli; 7.2.3 Media for Expansion; 7.2.4 Hypoxia; References; 8 Stem Cell Pool: What Are the Best Patterns for Cellular Therapy?; Abstract; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Organogenesis from Adult Stem Cells and Problems with Different Tissues; 8.3 Therapeutic Implications for TCSCs as a New Concept; 8.4 The Concept of VSEL
2.7 What and Which Molecular Markers of CSCs We Know Today?2.8 Isolation of CSCs Using Magnetic Beads; 2.9 Theories of Origin of CSCs; 2.10 Current Tests for Determination of the Presence of CSCs; 2.11 Sorting and Isolation of CTC Using the Method of Magnetic Levitation; 2.12 The Emergence/Origin and Development of CSC: Mechanisms; 2.13 Aberrant Methylation; 2.14 What Do We Need to Do with the Sum of Information?; 2.15 How Was the Concept of CSC Therapy Designed?; References; 3 Essential Characteristics of Stem Cells: Self-renewal, and Plasticity; Abstract; 3.1 The Nature of Stem Cells
3.2 Self-renewal and Its Significance for Stem Cells3.3 Plasticity/Pluripotency of Animal Stem Cells and Its Mechanisms; 3.4 Other Features of Significance; References; 4 Stem Cell Sources and Types of Animal Stem Cells; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Embryonic SCs (ES or ESC); 4.3 Fetal Stem Cells (FSC); 4.4 Bone Marrow and Other Adult Stem Cells Sources; References; 5 Stemness and Stem Cell Markers; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Markers and Pluripotency; 5.3 Fetal Stem Cell Markers; 5.4 Cord Blood Stem Cell Markers; 5.5 Placental Stem Cell Markers
5.6 Adult Stem Cell MarkersReferences; 6 Stem Cell Signaling Molecules and Pathways; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 ESC-Wnt Signaling; 6.2.1 Significant Discoveries in Wnt; 6.3 Notch Signaling; 6.4 The Human Hedgehog Signaling; 6.5 TGF-Beta Signaling; 6.6 Signaling Mechanisms in Adult Human Cells (HSC and MSC); 6.7 Pathways in Adult HSC; 6.8 Pathways in Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells; 6.9 Pathways in CSC; 6.10 The JAK (Janus Kinase)/STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) Signal Mechanism; References
7 Expansion of Stem Cells: Propagation of Animal Stem Cells Ex Vivo (In Culture)Abstract; 7.1 What Is Expansion and What Do We Expect from Expansion?; 7.2 Basic Concept-Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Cells Today; 7.2.1 Molecules; 7.2.2 Distinct Stimuli; 7.2.3 Media for Expansion; 7.2.4 Hypoxia; References; 8 Stem Cell Pool: What Are the Best Patterns for Cellular Therapy?; Abstract; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Organogenesis from Adult Stem Cells and Problems with Different Tissues; 8.3 Therapeutic Implications for TCSCs as a New Concept; 8.4 The Concept of VSEL