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Supervisor's Foreword; Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Figures; List of Table; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals; 1.2 Active Colloids and Collective Behavior; 1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Dissertation; References; 2 Elasticity of Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals Probed by Director Reorientation in Magnetic Field; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Samples and Experimental Set-Up; 2.3 Results; 2.3.1 Homeotropic Cells, Bend Constant K_{3}; 2.3.2 Planar Cells, Splay Constant K_{1}; 2.3.3 Planar Cells, Twist Constant K_{2}; 2.4 Discussion and Conclusion
2.5 Supplemental Information2.5.1 Estimation of Average Aggregation Length; 2.5.2 Measurement of Diamagnetic Anisotropy \Delta \chi; 2.5.3 Measurements of Density \rho and Volume Fraction \phi; 2.5.4 Optical Response in Bend Frederiks Transition; 2.5.5 Optical Simulation to Determine Splay Constant K_{1}; 2.5.6 Planar Cells, Twist Constant K_{2}; References; 3 Ionic-Content Dependence of Viscoelasticity of the Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal Sunset Yellow; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Materials and Methods; 3.2.1 LCLC SSY with Ionic Additives; 3.2.2 Viscoelastic Constants Measurement
3.3 Results and Discussions3.3.1 Splay Constant K_{1}; 3.3.2 Bend Constant K_{3}; 3.3.3 Twist Constant K_{2}; 3.3.4 Rotation Viscosity \gamma_{1}; 3.4 Conclusion; 3.5 Supplemental Information; 3.5.1 Estimation of E_{e}; 3.5.2 Volume Fraction \phi; 3.5.3 Diamagnetic Anisotropy \Delta \chi; 3.5.4 Birefringence \Delta n and Scalar Order Parameter S; 3.5.5 Measurement of Rotation Viscosity \gamma_{1}; References; 4 Elasticity, Viscosity, and Orientational Fluctuations of a Lyotropic Chromonic Nematic Liquid Crystal Disodium Cromoglycate; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Experimental Details; 4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Experimental Set-Up4.3 Elastic Constants; 4.4 Viscosities; 4.5 An Additional Mode in Bend Geometry; 4.6 Conclusions; 4.7 Supplemental Information: Verification of K_{1} and the Diamagnetic Anisotropy \Delta \chi of DSCG; 4.8 A Summary of the Viscoelastic Properties of LCLCs; References; 5 Living Liquid Crystals; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Materials and Methods; 5.2.1 Bacteria; 5.2.2 LLC Preparation; 5.2.3 Videomicroscopy; 5.2.4 PolScope Microscopy; 5.3 Results and Discussions; 5.3.1 Single Bacteria Motion; 5.3.2 Collective Behavior; 5.4 Conclusions; 5.5 Supplemental Information
5.5.1 Optics of Director Patterns in the Wake of a Moving Bacterium5.5.2 Optics of Director Patterns Distorted by Flows Produced by Individual Bacterium; References; 6 Summary
2.5 Supplemental Information2.5.1 Estimation of Average Aggregation Length; 2.5.2 Measurement of Diamagnetic Anisotropy \Delta \chi; 2.5.3 Measurements of Density \rho and Volume Fraction \phi; 2.5.4 Optical Response in Bend Frederiks Transition; 2.5.5 Optical Simulation to Determine Splay Constant K_{1}; 2.5.6 Planar Cells, Twist Constant K_{2}; References; 3 Ionic-Content Dependence of Viscoelasticity of the Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal Sunset Yellow; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Materials and Methods; 3.2.1 LCLC SSY with Ionic Additives; 3.2.2 Viscoelastic Constants Measurement
3.3 Results and Discussions3.3.1 Splay Constant K_{1}; 3.3.2 Bend Constant K_{3}; 3.3.3 Twist Constant K_{2}; 3.3.4 Rotation Viscosity \gamma_{1}; 3.4 Conclusion; 3.5 Supplemental Information; 3.5.1 Estimation of E_{e}; 3.5.2 Volume Fraction \phi; 3.5.3 Diamagnetic Anisotropy \Delta \chi; 3.5.4 Birefringence \Delta n and Scalar Order Parameter S; 3.5.5 Measurement of Rotation Viscosity \gamma_{1}; References; 4 Elasticity, Viscosity, and Orientational Fluctuations of a Lyotropic Chromonic Nematic Liquid Crystal Disodium Cromoglycate; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Experimental Details; 4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Experimental Set-Up4.3 Elastic Constants; 4.4 Viscosities; 4.5 An Additional Mode in Bend Geometry; 4.6 Conclusions; 4.7 Supplemental Information: Verification of K_{1} and the Diamagnetic Anisotropy \Delta \chi of DSCG; 4.8 A Summary of the Viscoelastic Properties of LCLCs; References; 5 Living Liquid Crystals; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Materials and Methods; 5.2.1 Bacteria; 5.2.2 LLC Preparation; 5.2.3 Videomicroscopy; 5.2.4 PolScope Microscopy; 5.3 Results and Discussions; 5.3.1 Single Bacteria Motion; 5.3.2 Collective Behavior; 5.4 Conclusions; 5.5 Supplemental Information
5.5.1 Optics of Director Patterns in the Wake of a Moving Bacterium5.5.2 Optics of Director Patterns Distorted by Flows Produced by Individual Bacterium; References; 6 Summary