Preface; Contents; About the Authors; Acronyms; 1 Innovations in Remote Sensing of Forests; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Chapters Including in the Book; 1.3 Conclusions; References; Airborne LiDAR and Optical Measurements of Forest; 2 Overview of LiDAR Technologies and Equipment for Land Cover Scanning; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Development of LiDAR Technology; 2.3 Overview of Airborne Laser Scanning; 2.3.1 Physical Principles of Airborne Laser Scanning; 2.3.2 Errors of LiDAR Systems; 2.3.3 Conventional LiDAR Calibration Methods; 2.3.4 Alternative LiDAR Calibration Methods

2.3.5 Equipment for Airborne Laser Scanning2.4 Overview of UAV Laser Scanning; 2.4.1 Particular Qualities of UAV Laser Scanning; 2.4.2 Equipment for UAV Laser Scanning; 2.5 Overview of Terrestrial Laser Scanning; 2.5.1 Particular Qualities of Terrestrial Laser Scanning; 2.5.2 Equipment for Terrestrial Laser Scanning; 2.5.3 Particular Qualities of Mobile Laser Scanning; 2.5.4 Equipment for Mobile Laser Scanning; 2.6 Comparison of Remote Sensing Techniques for Forest Inventory; 2.7 Conclusions; References; 3 Software Tools for Terrain and Forest Modelling; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Survey of Software Tools for Terrain Modelling3.2.1 Software Tool "Terrasolid"; 3.2.2 Cloud Platform "ArcGIS"; 3.2.3 Software Tool "Bionatics"; 3.2.4 Software Tool "Terragen"; 3.2.5 Software Tool "3DNature"; 3.2.6 Software Tool "GRASS"; 3.2.7 Software Tool "Object Raku Technology"; 3.3 Survey of Software Tools for Vegetation Modelling; 3.3.1 Software Tool "Xfog"; 3.3.2 Software Tool "SpeedTree"; 3.3.3 Software Tool "Onyx Computing"; 3.3.4 Software Tool "Marlin Studios"; 3.3.5 Software Tool "E-on Software"; 3.3.6 Additional Software Tools; 3.4 Conclusions; References

4 Data Fusion for Evaluation of Woodland ParametersAbstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Related Work; 4.3 Generalized Flowchart for Data Fusion of Airborne Laser Scanning, Imaging Spectroscopy, and Imaging Photography; 4.4 Representation of Airborne LiDAR and Digital Photography Data; 4.5 Method for Crown and Trunk Measurements; 4.5.1 Shearlet Transform; 4.5.2 Generic, Higher Order, and Probabilistic Active Contour Models; 4.5.3 Crown Measurements; 4.6 Experimental Results; 4.7 Conclusions; References; Individual Tree Modelling; 5 Tree Modelling in Virtual Reality Environment; Abstract

5.1 Introduction5.2 Related Work; 5.3 Fundamentals of L-Systems; 5.3.1 Overview of L-Systems; 5.3.2 Overview of Parametric L-Systems; 5.3.3 Skeleton Tree-like Structures Based on L-Systems; 5.4 Procedural Modelling of Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs; 5.4.1 Procedural Broad-Leaved Trees Modelling Based on L-Systems; 5.4.2 Realistic Image-Based Procedural Modelling of Broad-Leaved Trees; 5.5 Procedural Modelling of Coniferous Trees; 5.6 Modelling Results; 5.7 Conclusions; References; 6 Realistic Tree Modelling; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Related Work; 6.3 Voxel Modelling of Vegetation