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Preface; Contents; Abstract; 1 Introduction into the Field of Conducting Polymers; 2 Basic Features During the Redox Transformation of CPs and the Coupled Phenomena; 2.1 Electrochemical Perturbation, Leading to Phenomenological Changes; 2.2 Color Change; 2.3 Mass Change; 2.4 Conductance Change; 2.5 Diamagnetic/Paramagnetic Changes; 2.6 Volume Changes; 2.7 Structural Changes; 2.8 Transport Processes in the Adjacent Solution Layer; References; 3 Overview of in situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques; 3.1 Single in situ Electrochemical Methods
3.1.1 Coupled Color Changes-Spectroelectrochemistry in the UV-VIS-NIR Region3.1.2 Changes in the Chemical Bonds' Nature-in situ FTIR and RAMAN Spectroscopy; 3.1.3 Diamagnetic/Paramagnetic Changes-in situ ESR Spectroscopy; 3.1.4 In situ NMR Spectroscopy; 3.1.5 Coupling with Mass Change-the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Micro/Nanogravimetry (EQCM or EQCN) and the Radiotracer Technique; 3.1.6 Resulted Conductance Change-a.c. Conductance, Electrochemical Impedance Measurements; 3.1.7 Effects Monitored in the Solution-Laser Beam Deflection; 3.1.8 Subsequent Volume Change
3.1.9 Visualization of Structural Changes: Ellipsometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance, X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS)3.2 Combination of Two Single in situ Electrochemical Techniques in a Hyphenated Mode; 3.2.1 Simultaneous Combination of the Electrochemical Electron Spin Resonance (SEESR) and the in situ a.c. Conductance Techniques; 3.2.2 Simultaneously Applied Electron Spin Resonance (SEESR) and in situ Spectroelectrochemistry; 3.2.3 Combination of in situ UV-Vis-NIR Spectroelectrochemical and in situ a.c. Conductance Measurements
3.2.4 In situ Piezoelectric Spectroelectrochemisty3.2.5 In situ FTIR Spectroelectrochemistry and Ellipsometry; 3.2.6 Combined Scanning Electrochemical-Atomic Force Microscopy AFM; 3.2.7 Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopic (CS-AFM) and Spectroscopic Measurements; 3.2.8 Combining Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy; 3.2.9 Combined Electrochemical Impedance EIS and FTIR-ATR; References; 4 Applications of the in situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques: Problems and Answers Attempted by the in situ Combined Methods; 4.1 Electrodeposition
4.2 Chain-Growth Process4.3 Nucleation and Growth Steps; 4.4 Mechanistic Isuues; 4.5 Regular/Irregular Behavior of the Deposited Film; 4.6 Specific Dopant-Polymer Interactions; 4.7 Monitoring the Formation of CP Composites; 4.8 Details of the Redox Switching; 4.9 Development of the Conductance; 4.10 p-Type and n-Type Doping; 4.11 Identification of the Charge Carriers; 4.12 Overoxidation; 4.13 Structural Questions; 4.14 Miscellaneous Issues; References; 5 Outlook; References; Index
3.1.1 Coupled Color Changes-Spectroelectrochemistry in the UV-VIS-NIR Region3.1.2 Changes in the Chemical Bonds' Nature-in situ FTIR and RAMAN Spectroscopy; 3.1.3 Diamagnetic/Paramagnetic Changes-in situ ESR Spectroscopy; 3.1.4 In situ NMR Spectroscopy; 3.1.5 Coupling with Mass Change-the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Micro/Nanogravimetry (EQCM or EQCN) and the Radiotracer Technique; 3.1.6 Resulted Conductance Change-a.c. Conductance, Electrochemical Impedance Measurements; 3.1.7 Effects Monitored in the Solution-Laser Beam Deflection; 3.1.8 Subsequent Volume Change
3.1.9 Visualization of Structural Changes: Ellipsometry, Surface Plasmon Resonance, X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS)3.2 Combination of Two Single in situ Electrochemical Techniques in a Hyphenated Mode; 3.2.1 Simultaneous Combination of the Electrochemical Electron Spin Resonance (SEESR) and the in situ a.c. Conductance Techniques; 3.2.2 Simultaneously Applied Electron Spin Resonance (SEESR) and in situ Spectroelectrochemistry; 3.2.3 Combination of in situ UV-Vis-NIR Spectroelectrochemical and in situ a.c. Conductance Measurements
3.2.4 In situ Piezoelectric Spectroelectrochemisty3.2.5 In situ FTIR Spectroelectrochemistry and Ellipsometry; 3.2.6 Combined Scanning Electrochemical-Atomic Force Microscopy AFM; 3.2.7 Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopic (CS-AFM) and Spectroscopic Measurements; 3.2.8 Combining Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy; 3.2.9 Combined Electrochemical Impedance EIS and FTIR-ATR; References; 4 Applications of the in situ Combined Electrochemical Techniques: Problems and Answers Attempted by the in situ Combined Methods; 4.1 Electrodeposition
4.2 Chain-Growth Process4.3 Nucleation and Growth Steps; 4.4 Mechanistic Isuues; 4.5 Regular/Irregular Behavior of the Deposited Film; 4.6 Specific Dopant-Polymer Interactions; 4.7 Monitoring the Formation of CP Composites; 4.8 Details of the Redox Switching; 4.9 Development of the Conductance; 4.10 p-Type and n-Type Doping; 4.11 Identification of the Charge Carriers; 4.12 Overoxidation; 4.13 Structural Questions; 4.14 Miscellaneous Issues; References; 5 Outlook; References; Index