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Preface; Contents; DG Technologies; 1 Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Solar Photovoltaic Technology; 1.2.1 Solar Cell Working Principle; 1.2.2 Solar Cell Electrical Characteristics; 1.2.3 Photovoltaic Systems for Distributed Generation; 1.3 Wind Technology; 1.3.1 Wind Energy Conversion; 1.3.2 Wind Energy Technologies; 1.3.3 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine; 1.3.4 Variable-Speed Wind Turbine; 1.3.5 Fully Rated Converter (FRC) Wind Turbine; 1.3.6 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Wind Turbine; 1.3.7 Model for SCIG Power Flow Calculation
1.3.8 Maximum Power Point Tracking for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines1.3.9 Advantages of Wind Power; 1.3.10 Disadvantages of Wind Power; 1.4 Biomass/Biogas Technology; 1.4.1 Biomass Estimation; 1.4.2 Biomass Combustion; 1.4.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass; 1.4.4 Biogas Technology; 1.4.5 Biogas Composition; 1.4.6 Operating Parameters; 1.4.7 Anaerobic Digestion Overview; 1.4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biogas Technology; 1.4.9 Biogas Technology Applications; 1.4.10 Biogas for Mobility; 1.4.11 Generation of Electricity and Heat (CHP); 1.4.12 Biogas for the Natural Gas Grid
1.5 Small Hydroelectric Power Plants for Distributed Generation1.5.1 Overview; 1.5.2 Components of a Small Hydropower System; 1.5.3 System Parameters; 1.6 Fuel Cells; 1.6.1 Basic Structure; 1.6.2 Types of Fuel Cells; 1.6.3 Applications; 1.7 Geothermal Technology; 1.7.1 Current Status of the Geothermal Potential in the World; 1.7.2 The Technical, Economic and Environmental Benefits of Geothermal Energy; 1.7.3 Comparison of Geothermal Energy with Other Renewable Energy Resources; 1.7.4 Geothermal Technology Applications; 1.7.5 Direct-Use Applications; 1.7.6 Heat Pumps
1.7.7 Geothermal Electricity Production1.7.8 Direct Dry Steam; 1.7.9 Flash Steam Power Plants; 1.7.10 Binary Cycle Power Plants; 1.7.11 Levels of Emission from Different Types of Geothermal Energy Power Plants; 1.7.12 Challenges of Geothermal Technologies; 1.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion; 1.8.1 Technology Types; 1.8.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of OTEC; 1.9 Conclusion; References; 2 Non-renewable Distributed Generation Technologies: A Review; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Technology Description of the Reciprocating Engines; 2.1.1.1 Comparative Analysis of the Reciprocating Engines
2.1.1.2 Applications of the Reciprocating EnginesStandby Power; Peak Shaving; Grid Support; Combined Heat and Power; 2.1.2 Classes of Reciprocating Engines; 2.1.2.1 Methods of Igniting the Fuels; 2.1.2.2 Operation of a Diesel Engine; 2.1.2.3 Operation of a Spark-Ignition Engine; 2.1.2.4 Operating Cycle or Number of Strokes; 2.1.2.5 Speed; High Speed; Medium Speed; Low Speed; Ratings; Standby Generators; Prime Generators; Continues Generators; 2.1.3 Performance of Reciprocating Engines; 2.1.3.1 Heat Rate; 2.1.3.2 Efficiency; 2.1.3.3 Capacity Factor; 2.1.3.4 Load Factor; 2.1.4 Emissions
1.3.8 Maximum Power Point Tracking for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines1.3.9 Advantages of Wind Power; 1.3.10 Disadvantages of Wind Power; 1.4 Biomass/Biogas Technology; 1.4.1 Biomass Estimation; 1.4.2 Biomass Combustion; 1.4.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass; 1.4.4 Biogas Technology; 1.4.5 Biogas Composition; 1.4.6 Operating Parameters; 1.4.7 Anaerobic Digestion Overview; 1.4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biogas Technology; 1.4.9 Biogas Technology Applications; 1.4.10 Biogas for Mobility; 1.4.11 Generation of Electricity and Heat (CHP); 1.4.12 Biogas for the Natural Gas Grid
1.5 Small Hydroelectric Power Plants for Distributed Generation1.5.1 Overview; 1.5.2 Components of a Small Hydropower System; 1.5.3 System Parameters; 1.6 Fuel Cells; 1.6.1 Basic Structure; 1.6.2 Types of Fuel Cells; 1.6.3 Applications; 1.7 Geothermal Technology; 1.7.1 Current Status of the Geothermal Potential in the World; 1.7.2 The Technical, Economic and Environmental Benefits of Geothermal Energy; 1.7.3 Comparison of Geothermal Energy with Other Renewable Energy Resources; 1.7.4 Geothermal Technology Applications; 1.7.5 Direct-Use Applications; 1.7.6 Heat Pumps
1.7.7 Geothermal Electricity Production1.7.8 Direct Dry Steam; 1.7.9 Flash Steam Power Plants; 1.7.10 Binary Cycle Power Plants; 1.7.11 Levels of Emission from Different Types of Geothermal Energy Power Plants; 1.7.12 Challenges of Geothermal Technologies; 1.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion; 1.8.1 Technology Types; 1.8.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of OTEC; 1.9 Conclusion; References; 2 Non-renewable Distributed Generation Technologies: A Review; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Technology Description of the Reciprocating Engines; 2.1.1.1 Comparative Analysis of the Reciprocating Engines
2.1.1.2 Applications of the Reciprocating EnginesStandby Power; Peak Shaving; Grid Support; Combined Heat and Power; 2.1.2 Classes of Reciprocating Engines; 2.1.2.1 Methods of Igniting the Fuels; 2.1.2.2 Operation of a Diesel Engine; 2.1.2.3 Operation of a Spark-Ignition Engine; 2.1.2.4 Operating Cycle or Number of Strokes; 2.1.2.5 Speed; High Speed; Medium Speed; Low Speed; Ratings; Standby Generators; Prime Generators; Continues Generators; 2.1.3 Performance of Reciprocating Engines; 2.1.3.1 Heat Rate; 2.1.3.2 Efficiency; 2.1.3.3 Capacity Factor; 2.1.3.4 Load Factor; 2.1.4 Emissions