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Preface; African Countries; Latin American Countries; Contents; Acronyms; List of Case Examples; 1 Executive Summary; Abstract; 2 General Description; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Carbon Emissions and Climate Change; 2.3 Low Carbon Development Concept; 2.4 Main Country Indicators; 2.5 Carbon Capture and Storage Systems; 2.5.1 Overview; 2.5.2 State of the Art; 2.5.3 Costs; 2.5.4 Carbon Emissions from CCS Based Power Plants; 2.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; 3 Current Energy Context in Africa and Latin America; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Key Energy Indicators

3.3 Energy Infrastructure3.3.1 Renewable Energy Supply; 3.3.2 Fossil Fuel Pipelines; 3.3.3 Power Grid; 3.4 Energy Regulations and Jobs; 3.4.1 National Targets and Incentives; 3.4.2 Investment Climate and Jobs in Clean Energies; 3.4.3 Energy Subsidies; 3.5 Energy Security and Trading; 3.6 Energy Efficiency; 3.7 National and Regional Energy Plans; 3.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; 4 Power Grids; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Technology State of the Art; 4.2.1 Power Transmission Grids; 4.2.2 Power Distribution Grids; 4.2.3 Integration of Non-dispatchable Renewable Generation

4.2.4 Rural Electrification4.2.5 Smart Grids; 4.2.6 Storage Systems; 4.2.7 Distributed Generation; 4.2.8 Lighting; 4.2.9 Net Metering and Interconnections; 4.3 Regional and National Perspectives on Technology; 4.3.1 Electricity Output and Power Mix; 4.3.2 Electricity Price; 4.3.3 Electricity Trade; 4.3.4 Electrification Ratios; 4.3.5 Electricity Distribution Losses; 4.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; 5 Biomass for Heating and Power Production; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Technology State of the Art; 5.2.1 Energy Crops; 5.2.2 Cook-stoves

5.2.3 Technologies for Producing Electricity5.2.4 Costs; 5.2.5 CO2 Emissions; 5.3 Regional and National Perspectives on Technology; 5.3.1 Biomass and Health; 5.3.2 Forest and Arable Land; 5.3.3 Electricity from Biomass; 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; 6 Photovoltaics; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Technology State of the Art; 6.2.1 Wafer-Based Solar Technology; 6.2.2 Thin Film Solar Technology; 6.2.3 Third Generation Solar Cells; 6.2.4 Efficiencies and Required Areas; 6.2.5 Inverters; 6.2.6 Costs; 6.2.7 Pico-Solar Products

6.3 Regional and National Perspectives on Technology6.3.1 Evolution on Electricity Produced from PV; 6.3.2 Electricity Share from PV; 6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; 7 Solar Thermal Energy for Heating, Cooling and Power; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Technology State of the Art; 7.2.1 Solar Thermal Fundamentals; 7.2.2 Cooling and Air Conditioning; 7.2.3 Solar Thermal Collectors; 7.2.4 CSP Technology; 7.2.5 Thermal Storage; 7.2.6 Solar Cookers; 7.2.7 Other Solar Thermal Applications; 7.2.8 Thermal Insulation; 7.2.9 Costs

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