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Preface; Contents; About the Editors; Part I: Bioremediation; Phycoremediation: An Eco-friendly Approach to Solve Water Pollution Problems; 1 Introduction; 2 Wastewater and Its Types; 3 Algae; 3.1 Algal Composition; 3.2 Algal Diversity in Wastewater; 3.3 Advantages of Algae for Wastewater Treatment; 4 Wastewater Treatment: Phycoremediation; 4.1 Open Raceway Ponds; 4.2 Photobioreactors; 4.3 Algal Mats; 4.4 Hyper-Concentrated Cultures; 4.5 Dialysis Cultures; 4.6 High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs); 4.6.1 Carbon Dioxide; 4.6.2 Monoculture Maintenance; 4.6.3 Control of Parasites
4.6.3.1 Physical Methods4.6.3.2 Chemical Methods; 4.6.3.3 Biological Methods; 4.6.4 Commercially Available Compounds to Control Parasites; 4.6.4.1 Chemical Agents; 4.6.4.2 Enzymes; 4.6.4.3 Infochemicals; 5 Energy Costs; 6 Immobilization of Algae; 6.1 Advantages of Immobilized Cell Systems; 7 Indian Scenario; 8 Conclusions; References; Microbial Conversion of Waste and Surplus Materials into High-Value Added Products: The Case of Biosurfactants; 1 Introduction; 2 Classification and Chemical Nature of Biosurfactants; 2.1 Glycolipids; 2.1.1 Rhamnolipids; 2.1.2 Sophorolipids; 2.1.3 Trehalolipids
2.2 Lipopeptides2.3 Polymeric Biosurfactants; 2.4 Particulate Biosurfactants; 3 Renewable Substrates for Biosurfactant Production; 3.1 Hydrophobic Raw Materials; 3.1.1 Vegetable Oil Processing Wastes; 3.1.2 Waste Frying Oils; 3.1.3 Animal Fats and Grease; 3.1.4 Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Products; 3.2 Hydrophilic Raw Materials; 3.2.1 Glycerol from Biodiesel Production; 3.2.2 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes; 3.2.3 Molasses; 3.2.4 Other Wastes; 4 Properties and Applications of Biosurfactants; 4.1 Properties; 4.2 Applications; 4.2.1 Medicine and Pharmaceuticals; 4.2.2 Food Industry
4.2.3 Environmental Applications4.2.4 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery; 4.2.5 Agriculture; 4.2.6 Nanotechnology; 5 Perspectives; References; Oil Biodegradation; 1 Introduction; 2 Sources and Impacts of Oil Spills Pollution; 3 Biodegradation Crude Oil and Tar Using Bacterial Cultures; 4 Phyto-micro-Degradation/Rhizoremediation; 5 Biodegradation of Crude Oil and Tar Using Immobilized Cells; 6 Enzyme Participating Biodegradation Pathways; 7 Future Perspectives; References; Bacterial Decolourization, Degradation and Detoxification of Azo Dyes: An Eco-friendly Approach; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Azo Dyes
1.2 Present Scenario of Dye Production and Consumption in India1.3 Discharge and Toxicity of Dyestuffs; 1.4 Toxicity Considerations; 2 Dye Removal Techniques; 2.1 Physico-chemical Techniques; 2.2 Biological Methods; 2.3 Dye Decolourization Using Bacteria; 3 Mechanism of Dye Biodegradation; 3.1 Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dye; 3.1.1 Direct Enzymatic Azo Dye Reduction; 3.1.2 Indirect Biologically Mediated Azo Dye Reduction; 3.1.3 Site of the Reaction; 3.2 Aerobic Oxidation of Dyes; 3.3 Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic Degradation of Azo Dyes; 3.3.1 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Azo Dyes
4.6.3.1 Physical Methods4.6.3.2 Chemical Methods; 4.6.3.3 Biological Methods; 4.6.4 Commercially Available Compounds to Control Parasites; 4.6.4.1 Chemical Agents; 4.6.4.2 Enzymes; 4.6.4.3 Infochemicals; 5 Energy Costs; 6 Immobilization of Algae; 6.1 Advantages of Immobilized Cell Systems; 7 Indian Scenario; 8 Conclusions; References; Microbial Conversion of Waste and Surplus Materials into High-Value Added Products: The Case of Biosurfactants; 1 Introduction; 2 Classification and Chemical Nature of Biosurfactants; 2.1 Glycolipids; 2.1.1 Rhamnolipids; 2.1.2 Sophorolipids; 2.1.3 Trehalolipids
2.2 Lipopeptides2.3 Polymeric Biosurfactants; 2.4 Particulate Biosurfactants; 3 Renewable Substrates for Biosurfactant Production; 3.1 Hydrophobic Raw Materials; 3.1.1 Vegetable Oil Processing Wastes; 3.1.2 Waste Frying Oils; 3.1.3 Animal Fats and Grease; 3.1.4 Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Products; 3.2 Hydrophilic Raw Materials; 3.2.1 Glycerol from Biodiesel Production; 3.2.2 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes; 3.2.3 Molasses; 3.2.4 Other Wastes; 4 Properties and Applications of Biosurfactants; 4.1 Properties; 4.2 Applications; 4.2.1 Medicine and Pharmaceuticals; 4.2.2 Food Industry
4.2.3 Environmental Applications4.2.4 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery; 4.2.5 Agriculture; 4.2.6 Nanotechnology; 5 Perspectives; References; Oil Biodegradation; 1 Introduction; 2 Sources and Impacts of Oil Spills Pollution; 3 Biodegradation Crude Oil and Tar Using Bacterial Cultures; 4 Phyto-micro-Degradation/Rhizoremediation; 5 Biodegradation of Crude Oil and Tar Using Immobilized Cells; 6 Enzyme Participating Biodegradation Pathways; 7 Future Perspectives; References; Bacterial Decolourization, Degradation and Detoxification of Azo Dyes: An Eco-friendly Approach; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Azo Dyes
1.2 Present Scenario of Dye Production and Consumption in India1.3 Discharge and Toxicity of Dyestuffs; 1.4 Toxicity Considerations; 2 Dye Removal Techniques; 2.1 Physico-chemical Techniques; 2.2 Biological Methods; 2.3 Dye Decolourization Using Bacteria; 3 Mechanism of Dye Biodegradation; 3.1 Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dye; 3.1.1 Direct Enzymatic Azo Dye Reduction; 3.1.2 Indirect Biologically Mediated Azo Dye Reduction; 3.1.3 Site of the Reaction; 3.2 Aerobic Oxidation of Dyes; 3.3 Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic Degradation of Azo Dyes; 3.3.1 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Azo Dyes