1 Introduction; References; 2 Materials and Methodology; 2.1 Materials; 2.2 Sample Preparation; 2.2.1 Cement Nanocomposite; 2.2.2 Untreated and Treated Hemp Fabric-Reinforced Cement Nanocomposites; 2.2.3 Thermal Treatment of Nanoclay; 2.2.4 Curing and Specimens; 2.3 Material Characterisation; 2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction; 2.3.2 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; 2.3.3 Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction; 2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy; 2.3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis; 2.4 Physical Properties; 2.5 Mechanical Properties; 2.5.1 Compressive Strength

2.5.2 Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness2.5.3 Impact Strength; References; 3 Hemp Fabric Reinforced Organoclay-Cement Nanocomposites: Microstructures, Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Results and Discussion; 3.2.1 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; 3.2.2 XRD Analysis; 3.2.3 Porosity and Density; 3.2.4 Mechanical Properties; 3.2.5 Flexural Strength; 3.2.6 Flexural Modulus; 3.2.7 Fracture Toughness; 3.2.8 Thermal Stability; 3.2.9 Impact Strength; 3.3 Conclusions; References

4 Nanoclay and Calcined Nanoclay-Cement Matrix: Microstructres, Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Results and Discussion; 4.2.1 XRD Analysis; 4.2.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Analysis; 4.2.3 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; 4.3 Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis; 4.3.1 Calculation of Ca(OH)2 Content in Cement Nanocomposites; 4.3.2 Porosity, Water Absorption and Density; 4.3.3 Compressive Strength; 4.3.4 Flexural Strength; 4.3.5 Fracture Toughness; 4.3.6 Impact Strength; 4.3.7 Rockwell Hardness; 4.3.8 Thermal Stability

4.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Applications4.5 Conclusions; References; 5 Chemically-Treated Hemp Fabric and Calcined Nanoclay Reinforced Cement Nanocomposites: Microstructures, Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Results and Discussion; 5.2.1 XRD Analysis of Calcined Nanoclay; 5.2.2 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; 5.2.3 Surface Morphology of Hemp Fabric; 5.2.4 Crystallinity Index of Hemp Fabric; 5.2.5 Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Nano-Matrix; 5.2.6 Porosity and Density

5.2.7 Flexural Strength of Hemp Fabric-Reinforced Cement Composites5.2.8 Fracture Toughness; 5.2.9 Failure Mechanisms; 5.2.10 TGA of Hemp Fabric; 5.2.11 Impact Strength; 5.2.12 Thermal Stability; 5.3 Conclusions; References; 6 Durability of Naoh-Treated Hemp Fabric and Calcined Nanoclay-Reinforced Cement Nanocomposites; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Results and Discussion; 6.2.1 Nanocomposites; 6.2.2 Hemp Fabric-Reinforced Nanocomposites; 6.2.3 Flexural Strength of Nanocomposites; 6.2.4 Flexural Strength of Hemp Fabric-Reinforced Nanocomposites; 6.2.5 Microstructural Analysis