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Table of Contents
Foreword I; Foreword II; Preface; Background and Motivation; Main Aims of This Book; Construction of This Book; Final Remarks; Contents; Glossary Terms, Abbreviations and Acronyms; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Backgrounds; 1.2 Major Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements; 1.3 Surface Finishes Versus Slip Resistance Performance; 1.4 Wear Development Versus Slip Resistance Performance; 1.5 Optimal Floor Surface Finishes; 1.6 Major Significances and Contributions; 1.7 Specific Aims; 1.8 Limitations; 1.9 Summary; References
2 Pedestrian Fall Incidence and Slip Resistance Measurements2.1 Brief Overview of Slip and Fall Incidences; 2.2 Injuries Owing to Slips and Falls; 2.3 Improvements of Fall Prevention; 2.4 Factors Influencing Pedestrian Fall Incidence; 2.4.1 Intrinsic Fall Risk Factors; 2.4.2 Extrinsic Fall Risk Factors; 2.4.3 Mechanics of Human Walking; 2.5 Human Gait and Its Impacts on Fall Incidents; 2.6 Observation of Human Gait ; 2.7 Gait Analysis and Fall Risk Prediction; 2.8 Measuring Devices for Slip Resistance Properties; 2.8.1 Articulated Strut Devices; 2.8.2 Drag and Towed-Sled Devices
2.8.3 Pendulum Type Devices2.8.4 Other Type Devices; 2.8.5 Slip Measuring Testers Used in This Book; 2.8.6 Comparisons of Slip Measuring Devices; 2.9 Testing Standards and Safety Criteria for Slip Resistance Performance; 2.9.1 Slip Resistance Test Methods and Safety Criteria; 2.9.1.1 The Pendulum Slip Resistance Tester; 2.9.1.2 Tortus Digital Tribometer; 2.9.1.3 BOT 3000 Slip Tester; 2.9.1.4 Variable Angle Ramp; 2.9.1.5 SlipAlert Slip Tester; 2.9.2 Undependable Test Methods and Removed Standards; 2.9.2.1 ASTM C1028-07; 2.9.2.2 Brungraber Mark II (PIAST) and English XL (VIT) Tribometers
2.9.3 Clean and Dry and Wet Slip Resistance Measurements2.9.3.1 Importance of Dry Slip Resistance Measurement; 2.9.3.2 The Sine Qua Non for Slip Safety Assessments; 2.10 Relationships Between Human Gait and Slip Resistance Properties; 2.11 Chapter Summary; References; 3 Pedestrian Slip Resistance Measurements: Verities and Challenges; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Brief Overview; 3.3 Theoretical Backgrounds; 3.4 Mislead Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements; 3.5 Definition of a COF; 3.6 Friction Development Between Two Solid Surfaces; 3.7 What Does a COF Quantity Mean?-Misconception and Restraint
3.8 A Concept of Average COF-Case Study No. 13.9 A Concept of Average COF-Case Study No. 2; 3.10 Issues of Frictional Force and Heel Strike Angle; 3.10.1 Frictional Force; 3.10.2 Heel Strike Angle; 3.11 Maintenance Issues; 3.12 Conclusions; 3.13 Chapter Summary; References; 4 Tribological Approaches for the Pedestrian Safety Measurements and Assessments; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Tribo-Physical Approaches; 4.2.1 Overview; 4.2.2 Limitations and Issues; 4.2.3 Main Problems ; 4.3 Studies on Surface Roughness Measurements; 4.3.1 Background; 4.3.2 Measuring Devices for Surface Roughness
2 Pedestrian Fall Incidence and Slip Resistance Measurements2.1 Brief Overview of Slip and Fall Incidences; 2.2 Injuries Owing to Slips and Falls; 2.3 Improvements of Fall Prevention; 2.4 Factors Influencing Pedestrian Fall Incidence; 2.4.1 Intrinsic Fall Risk Factors; 2.4.2 Extrinsic Fall Risk Factors; 2.4.3 Mechanics of Human Walking; 2.5 Human Gait and Its Impacts on Fall Incidents; 2.6 Observation of Human Gait ; 2.7 Gait Analysis and Fall Risk Prediction; 2.8 Measuring Devices for Slip Resistance Properties; 2.8.1 Articulated Strut Devices; 2.8.2 Drag and Towed-Sled Devices
2.8.3 Pendulum Type Devices2.8.4 Other Type Devices; 2.8.5 Slip Measuring Testers Used in This Book; 2.8.6 Comparisons of Slip Measuring Devices; 2.9 Testing Standards and Safety Criteria for Slip Resistance Performance; 2.9.1 Slip Resistance Test Methods and Safety Criteria; 2.9.1.1 The Pendulum Slip Resistance Tester; 2.9.1.2 Tortus Digital Tribometer; 2.9.1.3 BOT 3000 Slip Tester; 2.9.1.4 Variable Angle Ramp; 2.9.1.5 SlipAlert Slip Tester; 2.9.2 Undependable Test Methods and Removed Standards; 2.9.2.1 ASTM C1028-07; 2.9.2.2 Brungraber Mark II (PIAST) and English XL (VIT) Tribometers
2.9.3 Clean and Dry and Wet Slip Resistance Measurements2.9.3.1 Importance of Dry Slip Resistance Measurement; 2.9.3.2 The Sine Qua Non for Slip Safety Assessments; 2.10 Relationships Between Human Gait and Slip Resistance Properties; 2.11 Chapter Summary; References; 3 Pedestrian Slip Resistance Measurements: Verities and Challenges; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Brief Overview; 3.3 Theoretical Backgrounds; 3.4 Mislead Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements; 3.5 Definition of a COF; 3.6 Friction Development Between Two Solid Surfaces; 3.7 What Does a COF Quantity Mean?-Misconception and Restraint
3.8 A Concept of Average COF-Case Study No. 13.9 A Concept of Average COF-Case Study No. 2; 3.10 Issues of Frictional Force and Heel Strike Angle; 3.10.1 Frictional Force; 3.10.2 Heel Strike Angle; 3.11 Maintenance Issues; 3.12 Conclusions; 3.13 Chapter Summary; References; 4 Tribological Approaches for the Pedestrian Safety Measurements and Assessments; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Tribo-Physical Approaches; 4.2.1 Overview; 4.2.2 Limitations and Issues; 4.2.3 Main Problems ; 4.3 Studies on Surface Roughness Measurements; 4.3.1 Background; 4.3.2 Measuring Devices for Surface Roughness