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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; Contributors; Introduction; 1 History of Rapid Prototyping; History of Rapid Prototyping; Topography; Photosculpture; References; 2 Creation of a 3D Printed Model: From Virtual to Physical; Introduction; Patient Selection and Image Acquisition; Post-processing to Virtual Model; Limitations of 3D Printing; Conclusion: Personalized Medicine in Congenital Heart Disease; References; 3 Image Acquisition for Creation of a 3D Model: CT, CMR, and Echocardiography; Introduction; Cardiac CT; Computed Tomography Angiography; Patient Preparation; Contrast Protocol; Image Acquisition
Radiation ReductionMagnetic Resonance Imaging; Patient Selection and Preparation; CMR Technique and Image Analysis; Comparison of Models by Image Acquisition Sequence; Echocardiography; Patient Preparation; Image Acquisition; References; 4 Postprocessing: Software and Technique Options; Image Characteristics; Cardiac Imaging Modalities; Basic Principles of Segmentation; Postprocessing Software; Postprocessing Technique; Initial Image Preparation; Cropping ; Sculpting ; Bone Removal ; Segmentation; Thresholding ; Region Growing ; Editing Masks ; Multiple Slice Edit ; Edit Mask in 3D
Exporting Segment Masks to CAD SoftwareFinal STL Confirmation; References; 5 Rapid Prototyping Technologies; Overview; Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM); Thermoplastics-Enabling Technology of FDM; FDM Method of Printing and Design/Manufacturing Considerations; FDM Output Considerations-Layers and Infill; FDM Materials; Final Thoughts on FDM; Powder-Based Printing; Selective Laser Sintering (SLS); ColorJet Printing (CJP); Photopolymerization-Based Printers; SLA-Based 3D Printers; DLP-SLA; Photopolymer Inkjet (PolyJet™/MultiJet™); Considerations for Cardiac Printing; References
Congenital Heart Disease6 Imaging Considerations and Challenges in Pediatrics; Introduction; Cardiovascular MRI; Cardiovascular CT; 3D Echocardiography; Which Imaging Modality Should Be Used?; References; 7 Septal Defects; Introduction; ASD; Current Imaging of ASDs; Value Added by 3D Cardiac Model of ASD; ASD Model Creation and Post-processing; VSD; Current Imaging of VSD; Value Added by 3D Cardiac Model of VSD; VSD Model Creation and Post-processing; AVSD; Current Imaging of AVSD; Value Added by 3D Cardiac Model of AVSD; AVSD Model Creation and Post-processing; References
8 Tetralogy of Fallot with Major Aortopulmonary Collateral ArteriesDefinition; Description; Current Imaging Modalities; Overview; 2D and 3D Echocardiography; Cardiac Catheterization Angiography; Computed Tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; 3D Modeling and Printing; Overview; 3D Reconstruction; Fused Filament Modeling; Powder Bed/Inkjet Printing; Stereolithography; Jet Photopolymerization; Case Studies; Case Study 1; Case Study 2; Case Study 3; Conclusions; References; 9 Double Outlet Right Ventricle; Double Outlet Right Ventricle; Definition; Variations in Anatomy
Radiation ReductionMagnetic Resonance Imaging; Patient Selection and Preparation; CMR Technique and Image Analysis; Comparison of Models by Image Acquisition Sequence; Echocardiography; Patient Preparation; Image Acquisition; References; 4 Postprocessing: Software and Technique Options; Image Characteristics; Cardiac Imaging Modalities; Basic Principles of Segmentation; Postprocessing Software; Postprocessing Technique; Initial Image Preparation; Cropping ; Sculpting ; Bone Removal ; Segmentation; Thresholding ; Region Growing ; Editing Masks ; Multiple Slice Edit ; Edit Mask in 3D
Exporting Segment Masks to CAD SoftwareFinal STL Confirmation; References; 5 Rapid Prototyping Technologies; Overview; Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM); Thermoplastics-Enabling Technology of FDM; FDM Method of Printing and Design/Manufacturing Considerations; FDM Output Considerations-Layers and Infill; FDM Materials; Final Thoughts on FDM; Powder-Based Printing; Selective Laser Sintering (SLS); ColorJet Printing (CJP); Photopolymerization-Based Printers; SLA-Based 3D Printers; DLP-SLA; Photopolymer Inkjet (PolyJet™/MultiJet™); Considerations for Cardiac Printing; References
Congenital Heart Disease6 Imaging Considerations and Challenges in Pediatrics; Introduction; Cardiovascular MRI; Cardiovascular CT; 3D Echocardiography; Which Imaging Modality Should Be Used?; References; 7 Septal Defects; Introduction; ASD; Current Imaging of ASDs; Value Added by 3D Cardiac Model of ASD; ASD Model Creation and Post-processing; VSD; Current Imaging of VSD; Value Added by 3D Cardiac Model of VSD; VSD Model Creation and Post-processing; AVSD; Current Imaging of AVSD; Value Added by 3D Cardiac Model of AVSD; AVSD Model Creation and Post-processing; References
8 Tetralogy of Fallot with Major Aortopulmonary Collateral ArteriesDefinition; Description; Current Imaging Modalities; Overview; 2D and 3D Echocardiography; Cardiac Catheterization Angiography; Computed Tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; 3D Modeling and Printing; Overview; 3D Reconstruction; Fused Filament Modeling; Powder Bed/Inkjet Printing; Stereolithography; Jet Photopolymerization; Case Studies; Case Study 1; Case Study 2; Case Study 3; Conclusions; References; 9 Double Outlet Right Ventricle; Double Outlet Right Ventricle; Definition; Variations in Anatomy