Acknowledgements; Contents; Acronyms; Part I Introduction and Motivation; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Context and Motivation; 1.2 Goals and Problem Statement; 1.2.1 Display Blindness; 1.2.2 Interaction Blindness; 1.2.3 Immediate Usability; 1.2.4 Motivation; 1.3 Research Questions; 2 Methodology; 2.1 Ethics; Part II Background; 3 State of the Art; 3.1 Interactive Public Displays and Digital Signage; 3.1.1 Stages of Interaction; 3.1.2 Overcoming Display Blindness; 3.2 Communicating Interactivity; 3.2.1 Immediate Usability; 3.3 Visual Attention; 3.4 Revealing Gestures; 3.4.1 Gestures

3.4.2 Gesture Revelation and Guidance3.4.3 Mid-Air Gestures; 3.5 Item Selection; 3.5.1 Menu Techniques; 3.5.2 From Multi-touch to Mid-Air; 4 Technology; 4.1 Range Imaging; 4.1.1 Structured Light; 4.1.2 Time-of-Flight; Part III Studies; 5 A Field Study on Communicating Interactivty; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Psychological Cues and Interactivity; 5.2.1 Representation: Recognizing Oneself; 5.2.2 Abstraction, Biological Motion, and Body Schema; 5.2.3 Perceptual Causality and Animacy; 5.2.4 Relevance for this Study; 5.3 Studies; 5.3.1 Hardware and Implementation; 5.3.2 Study Design

5.4 Preliminary Study5.5 Laboratory Study; 5.5.1 Conditions; 5.5.2 Task and Stimulus; 5.5.3 Apparatus and Design; 5.5.4 Results; 5.5.5 Discussion; 5.6 Field Study; 5.6.1 Deployment; 5.6.2 Conditions; 5.6.3 Data Analysis; 5.6.4 Findings; 5.7 Conclusion; 6 Visual Attention Analysis; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Experiment; 6.2.1 Interface Elements; 6.2.2 Participants and Apparatus; 6.2.3 Tasks; 6.2.4 Procedure and Methodology; 6.3 Results; 6.3.1 Visual Attention; 6.3.2 Recognition and Recall; 6.3.3 Visual Behavior over Time; 6.3.4 Qualitative Findings; 6.4 Discussion; 6.4.1 Limitations; 6.5 Conclusion

7 A Field Study on Visualizing Gesture Hints7.1 Introduction; 7.2 StrikeAPose; 7.2.1 Game; 7.2.2 Teapot Gesture; 7.2.3 Revelation Strategies; 7.3 Laboratory Study; 7.3.1 Experimental Design; 7.3.2 Results; 7.3.3 Optimizing Strategies; 7.4 Field Study; 7.4.1 Quantitative Results; 7.4.2 Qualitative Results; 7.5 Generalizability and Limitations; 7.6 Conclusion; 8 A Field Study on Mid-Air Item Selection; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Design Space; 8.3 Pilot Study; 8.3.1 Results; 8.4 Iterative Design Study; 8.4.1 Selection Techniques; 8.4.2 Apparatus and Participants; 8.4.3 Instructions and Task

8.5 Field Study8.5.1 System; 8.5.2 Techniques; 8.5.3 Data Analysis; 8.5.4 Results; 8.6 Recommendations; 8.7 Conclusion; Part IV Conclusion; 9 Conclusion; 10 Future Work; Colophon ; References