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Preface; Acknowledgment; Contents; Abbreviations; About the Author; 1: Natural Ultraviolet Radiation; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Ultraviolet Radiation; 1.1.2 Visible Radiation; 1.1.3 Infrared Radiation; 1.2 Atmospheric Envelopes Surrounding the Earth; 1.2.1 Troposphere; 1.2.2 Stratosphere; 1.3 Evolutionary History of Life-Supporting Atmosphere on Earth; 1.4 Formation of UV-Restraining Ozone Layer; 1.5 Factors That Determine Fluence of Solar UV Radiation on Earth; 1.5.1 Sun Angle (Zenith Angle) and the Stratospheric Ozone Layer; 1.5.2 Latitude; 1.5.3 Altitude; 1.5.4 Time of Year
1.5.5 Time of Day1.5.6 Water Depth; 1.5.7 Weather Conditions; 1.5.8 Aerosols; 1.6 Ultraviolet Index; 1.7 Ozone Depletion; 1.7.1 Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs); 1.8 Role of Greenhouse Gas in Global Warming; 1.9 Mechanism of Ozone Depletion; 1.10 Kyoto Protocol; 1.11 The Montreal Protocol; Bibliography; 2: Effect of UV Radiation on Life Forms; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Effect of UV on Terrestrial Ecosystem; 2.3 Effect of UV on Aquatic Ecosystems; 2.3.1 Effect of UV on Phytoplanktons; 2.3.2 Effect of UV on Zooplanktons; 2.3.3 Effect of UV on Bacterioplanktons; 2.3.4 Effect of UV on Fish
2.4 Effect of UV on Microbes2.5 Effect of UV on Cyanobacteria; 2.6 Effect of UV on Plants; 2.6.1 Effect of UV on Crops; 2.6.2 Effect of UV on Forests; 2.7 Effect of UV on Animals; 2.7.1 Effect of UV on Amphibians; 2.7.2 Effect of UV on Birds; 2.7.3 Effect of UV on Harmful Insects; 2.7.4 Effect of UV on Beneficial Insects; 2.8 Effect of UV on Humans; 2.8.1 Beneficial Effects of Direct UV Exposure on Humans; 2.8.2 Harmful Effects Due to Direct UV Exposure on Humans; Bibliography; 3: UV Radiation-Induced Damage at Molecular Level; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Adverse Effect of UV Radiation on Living Cells3.2.1 Indirect Effect; 3.2.1.1 Generation of different types of ROS by energy transfer or electron transfer from ground state oxygen (Taken from Apel...; 3.2.2 Direct Effect; 3.3 DNA Damage by UV Radiation; 3.3.1 UV-B-Induced DNA Damage; 3.3.1.1 DNA Double-Strand Break by UV-B; 3.3.1.2 DNA Single-Strand Breaks by UV-B; 3.3.1.3 Photodimer Formation by UV-B; 3.3.2 UV-A-Induced DNA Damage; 3.3.2.1 DNA Double-Strand Break by UV-A; 3.3.2.2 DNA Single-Strand Break by UV-A; 3.3.2.3 Photodimer Formation by UV-A; 3.4 Protein Damage by UV Radiation
3.4.1 Protein Damage by UV-B3.4.2 Protein Damage by UV-A; 3.5 Lipid Damage by UV Radiation; 3.6 Membrane Damage by UV Radiation; 3.7 Effect of UV Radiation on Pigments; 3.8 Effect of UV Radiation on Photosynthesis; 3.9 Effect of UV on Growth and Productivity; 3.10 UV-Induced Programmed Cell Death; 3.11 Effect of UV on Human; 3.11.1 Damage of the Eye; 3.11.2 Damage of the Skin; 3.11.3 Damage of Immune System; Bibliography; 4: UV Acclimation Strategy in Plants; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 UV-Induced Damage; 4.3 UV Acclimation Strategy in Plants; 4.3.1 Restraint of UV Penetration into internal tissue
1.5.5 Time of Day1.5.6 Water Depth; 1.5.7 Weather Conditions; 1.5.8 Aerosols; 1.6 Ultraviolet Index; 1.7 Ozone Depletion; 1.7.1 Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs); 1.8 Role of Greenhouse Gas in Global Warming; 1.9 Mechanism of Ozone Depletion; 1.10 Kyoto Protocol; 1.11 The Montreal Protocol; Bibliography; 2: Effect of UV Radiation on Life Forms; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Effect of UV on Terrestrial Ecosystem; 2.3 Effect of UV on Aquatic Ecosystems; 2.3.1 Effect of UV on Phytoplanktons; 2.3.2 Effect of UV on Zooplanktons; 2.3.3 Effect of UV on Bacterioplanktons; 2.3.4 Effect of UV on Fish
2.4 Effect of UV on Microbes2.5 Effect of UV on Cyanobacteria; 2.6 Effect of UV on Plants; 2.6.1 Effect of UV on Crops; 2.6.2 Effect of UV on Forests; 2.7 Effect of UV on Animals; 2.7.1 Effect of UV on Amphibians; 2.7.2 Effect of UV on Birds; 2.7.3 Effect of UV on Harmful Insects; 2.7.4 Effect of UV on Beneficial Insects; 2.8 Effect of UV on Humans; 2.8.1 Beneficial Effects of Direct UV Exposure on Humans; 2.8.2 Harmful Effects Due to Direct UV Exposure on Humans; Bibliography; 3: UV Radiation-Induced Damage at Molecular Level; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Adverse Effect of UV Radiation on Living Cells3.2.1 Indirect Effect; 3.2.1.1 Generation of different types of ROS by energy transfer or electron transfer from ground state oxygen (Taken from Apel...; 3.2.2 Direct Effect; 3.3 DNA Damage by UV Radiation; 3.3.1 UV-B-Induced DNA Damage; 3.3.1.1 DNA Double-Strand Break by UV-B; 3.3.1.2 DNA Single-Strand Breaks by UV-B; 3.3.1.3 Photodimer Formation by UV-B; 3.3.2 UV-A-Induced DNA Damage; 3.3.2.1 DNA Double-Strand Break by UV-A; 3.3.2.2 DNA Single-Strand Break by UV-A; 3.3.2.3 Photodimer Formation by UV-A; 3.4 Protein Damage by UV Radiation
3.4.1 Protein Damage by UV-B3.4.2 Protein Damage by UV-A; 3.5 Lipid Damage by UV Radiation; 3.6 Membrane Damage by UV Radiation; 3.7 Effect of UV Radiation on Pigments; 3.8 Effect of UV Radiation on Photosynthesis; 3.9 Effect of UV on Growth and Productivity; 3.10 UV-Induced Programmed Cell Death; 3.11 Effect of UV on Human; 3.11.1 Damage of the Eye; 3.11.2 Damage of the Skin; 3.11.3 Damage of Immune System; Bibliography; 4: UV Acclimation Strategy in Plants; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 UV-Induced Damage; 4.3 UV Acclimation Strategy in Plants; 4.3.1 Restraint of UV Penetration into internal tissue