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Preface; Contents; cCMP and cUMP Across the Tree of Life: From cCMP and cUMP Generators to cCMP- and cUMP-Regulated Cell Functions; 1 Introduction; 2 Overview of cAMP and cGMP Signaling; 3 cCMP and cUMP Generators; 3.1 Initial Problems and Revitalization of the Field; 3.2 Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase; 3.3 Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase; 4 Occurrence of cCMP and cUMP in Biological Systems; 5 cCMP- and cUMP-Regulated Cell Functions; 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; cCMP and cUMP in Apoptosis: Concepts and Methods; 1 Introduction
2 Cyclic Nucleotides and Induction of Apoptotic Pathways via Membrane-Permeant cNMP-Analogs3 Function of PKA, cAMP, cGMP, and cUMP in Apoptosis; 3.1 PKA in Apoptosis; 3.2 cAMP in Apoptosis; 3.3 cGMP in Apoptosis; 4 Hitherto Known Targets of cCMP and cUMP; 5 cCMP in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis; 5.1 Relevant Genes in Apoptosis; 5.2 Cell Cycle Analysis: G1 Arrest; 5.3 Interaction of cCMP and cUMP with Bcl-2 Family Proteins and Induction of Apoptosis; 6 Experimental Methods; 6.1 Determination of Cell Number and Cell Proliferation; 6.1.1 Cell Number: Cell Counting After Trypan Blue Staining
6.1.2 Cell Proliferation: BrdU Incorporation6.1.3 Thymidine Incorporation; 6.1.4 TUNEL Assay; 6.2 Detection of Apoptosis Using Flow Cytometry; 6.2.1 Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Staining; 6.2.2 Intracellular Staining with Cytochrome c-FITC-Antibody; 6.2.3 Cell Cycle Analysis; 6.3 Determination of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential; 6.4 Detection of Caspases by Western Blotting and Fluorometric Assays; 7 Conclusion and Further Perspectives; References; Mammalian Nucleotidyl Cyclases and Their Nucleotide Binding Sites; 1 Introduction; 2 Overall Structure of Catalytic Domains
3 Nucleotide Binding Sites4 Promiscuity for Nucleobases; References; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exoenzyme Y: A Promiscuous Nucleotidyl Cyclase Edema Factor and Virulence Determinant; 1 Introduction; 2 The Endothelial cAMP Signal as a Barrier Protective Mechanism; 3 Edema Factor: A Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase; 4 Studies on the Discovery of ExoY and Its Enzymatic Activity; 5 ExoY and Disruption of the Endothelial Cytoskeleton; 6 Discovery That ExoY Is a Guanylyl Cyclase; 7 ExoY as a Purine and Pyrimidine Cyclase
8 The Intracellular Function of Purine and Pyrimidine Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates9 Is ExoY Relevant to Disease?; 10 Evidence That ExoY Does Not Contribute to Virulence; 11 Evidence That ExoY Contributes to Virulence; 12 Summary; References; Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Plants and Plant Signaling; 1 A Brief History of Cyclic Mononucleotide Signaling in Plants; 2 Evidence for Noncanonical Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Plants; 3 Cyclic Mononucleotides and Their Role in Plant Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling.
2 Cyclic Nucleotides and Induction of Apoptotic Pathways via Membrane-Permeant cNMP-Analogs3 Function of PKA, cAMP, cGMP, and cUMP in Apoptosis; 3.1 PKA in Apoptosis; 3.2 cAMP in Apoptosis; 3.3 cGMP in Apoptosis; 4 Hitherto Known Targets of cCMP and cUMP; 5 cCMP in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis; 5.1 Relevant Genes in Apoptosis; 5.2 Cell Cycle Analysis: G1 Arrest; 5.3 Interaction of cCMP and cUMP with Bcl-2 Family Proteins and Induction of Apoptosis; 6 Experimental Methods; 6.1 Determination of Cell Number and Cell Proliferation; 6.1.1 Cell Number: Cell Counting After Trypan Blue Staining
6.1.2 Cell Proliferation: BrdU Incorporation6.1.3 Thymidine Incorporation; 6.1.4 TUNEL Assay; 6.2 Detection of Apoptosis Using Flow Cytometry; 6.2.1 Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Staining; 6.2.2 Intracellular Staining with Cytochrome c-FITC-Antibody; 6.2.3 Cell Cycle Analysis; 6.3 Determination of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential; 6.4 Detection of Caspases by Western Blotting and Fluorometric Assays; 7 Conclusion and Further Perspectives; References; Mammalian Nucleotidyl Cyclases and Their Nucleotide Binding Sites; 1 Introduction; 2 Overall Structure of Catalytic Domains
3 Nucleotide Binding Sites4 Promiscuity for Nucleobases; References; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exoenzyme Y: A Promiscuous Nucleotidyl Cyclase Edema Factor and Virulence Determinant; 1 Introduction; 2 The Endothelial cAMP Signal as a Barrier Protective Mechanism; 3 Edema Factor: A Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase; 4 Studies on the Discovery of ExoY and Its Enzymatic Activity; 5 ExoY and Disruption of the Endothelial Cytoskeleton; 6 Discovery That ExoY Is a Guanylyl Cyclase; 7 ExoY as a Purine and Pyrimidine Cyclase
8 The Intracellular Function of Purine and Pyrimidine Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates9 Is ExoY Relevant to Disease?; 10 Evidence That ExoY Does Not Contribute to Virulence; 11 Evidence That ExoY Contributes to Virulence; 12 Summary; References; Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Plants and Plant Signaling; 1 A Brief History of Cyclic Mononucleotide Signaling in Plants; 2 Evidence for Noncanonical Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Plants; 3 Cyclic Mononucleotides and Their Role in Plant Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling.