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Preface; Acknowledgement; Contents; Editor and Contributors; 1: The Evolution of Birds with Implications from New Fossil Evidences; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Biodiversity of Mesozoic Birds; 1.2.1 Archaeopteryx: The Oldest and Most Primitive Bird; 1.2.2 Jeholornithiformes: The Other Long-Tailed Birds; 1.2.3 The Origin of Short-Tailed Birds; 1.2.4 Chongmingia zhengi: An Enigmatic Basal Bird; 1.2.5 Enantiornithes: The Dominating Mesozoic Avian Group; 1.2.6 Ornithuromorpha: A Clade That Gives Rise to All Living Birds; 1.3 The Radiation of Crown Birds After the K-Pg Mass Extinction
1.4 The Origin of Avian Flight1.4.1 The Ground-Up Theory; 1.4.2 The Wing-Assisted Incline Running Theory (WAIR); 1.4.3 The Tree-Down (or Arboreal) Theory; 1.5 Insights About Respiratory System of Mesozoic Birds; 1.6 Conclusion; References; 2: The Avian Lingual and Laryngeal Apparatus Within theContext of the Head and Jaw Apparatus, withComparisons to the Mammalian...; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 General Aspects of the Mammalian Head; 2.3 General Aspects of the Avian Head; 2.4 The Jaw Apparatus of Birds: Components and Movements of the Upper Jaw Apparatus
2.4.1 The Uncoupled Jaw Movements of Parrots and Cockatoos2.4.2 The Coupled Jaw Movements and Postorbital Ligament of Most Birds; 2.4.3 Lateral Mobility of the Avian Mandible; 2.5 The Lingual Apparatus of Birds; 2.5.1 The Hyoid Skeleton; 2.5.2 The Hyoid Suspension Apparatus and Hyoid Sheaths; 2.5.2.1 Movements of the Hyoid Skeleton in a Tight or Relaxed Hyoid Suspension; 2.5.2.2 Movements of the Hyoid Skeleton in a Loose Hyoid Suspension; 2.5.3 Movements of the Lingual Body and Lingual Tip; 2.6 The Laryngeal Apparatus of Birds; 2.6.1 Kinetic Larynges
2.6.1.1 A Complex Kinetic Larynx with Complex Extrinsic Muscles: Parrots2.6.1.2 A Complex Kinetic Larynx with Simple Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles: Passerine Birds; 2.6.2 Akinetic Larynges; 2.7 Integrated Biological Roles of the Avian Jaw, Lingual and Laryngeal Apparatus; 2.7.1 Coordination of the Jaw and Lingual Apparatus: Evaporative Cooling Mechanisms; 2.7.1.1 Gular Fluttering; 2.7.1.2 Columbiform Gular Fluttering with Esophageal Pulsation; 2.7.1.3 Panting without Gular Fluttering; 2.7.2 Coordination of the Jaw and Lingual Apparatus: Intraoral Food Processing
2.7.2.1 Seed-Shelling Behavior of Parrots and Cockatoos2.7.2.2 Seed-Shelling Behavior of Granivorous Passerine Birds; 2.7.3 Coordination of the Jaw, Lingual, and Laryngeal Apparatus: Feeding and Drinking Mechanisms; 2.7.3.1 Lingual Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.2 Cranial-Inertial Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.3 Specialized Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.4 Drinking Mechanisms; 2.7.4 Coordination of the Jaw, Lingual, and Laryngotracheal Apparatus:Respiration and Vocalization; 2.7.4.1 Vocalization Mechanisms of Parrots; 2.7.4.2 Vocalization Mechanisms of Songbirds; 2.7.4.3 Vocalization Mechanisms of Chickens
1.4 The Origin of Avian Flight1.4.1 The Ground-Up Theory; 1.4.2 The Wing-Assisted Incline Running Theory (WAIR); 1.4.3 The Tree-Down (or Arboreal) Theory; 1.5 Insights About Respiratory System of Mesozoic Birds; 1.6 Conclusion; References; 2: The Avian Lingual and Laryngeal Apparatus Within theContext of the Head and Jaw Apparatus, withComparisons to the Mammalian...; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 General Aspects of the Mammalian Head; 2.3 General Aspects of the Avian Head; 2.4 The Jaw Apparatus of Birds: Components and Movements of the Upper Jaw Apparatus
2.4.1 The Uncoupled Jaw Movements of Parrots and Cockatoos2.4.2 The Coupled Jaw Movements and Postorbital Ligament of Most Birds; 2.4.3 Lateral Mobility of the Avian Mandible; 2.5 The Lingual Apparatus of Birds; 2.5.1 The Hyoid Skeleton; 2.5.2 The Hyoid Suspension Apparatus and Hyoid Sheaths; 2.5.2.1 Movements of the Hyoid Skeleton in a Tight or Relaxed Hyoid Suspension; 2.5.2.2 Movements of the Hyoid Skeleton in a Loose Hyoid Suspension; 2.5.3 Movements of the Lingual Body and Lingual Tip; 2.6 The Laryngeal Apparatus of Birds; 2.6.1 Kinetic Larynges
2.6.1.1 A Complex Kinetic Larynx with Complex Extrinsic Muscles: Parrots2.6.1.2 A Complex Kinetic Larynx with Simple Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles: Passerine Birds; 2.6.2 Akinetic Larynges; 2.7 Integrated Biological Roles of the Avian Jaw, Lingual and Laryngeal Apparatus; 2.7.1 Coordination of the Jaw and Lingual Apparatus: Evaporative Cooling Mechanisms; 2.7.1.1 Gular Fluttering; 2.7.1.2 Columbiform Gular Fluttering with Esophageal Pulsation; 2.7.1.3 Panting without Gular Fluttering; 2.7.2 Coordination of the Jaw and Lingual Apparatus: Intraoral Food Processing
2.7.2.1 Seed-Shelling Behavior of Parrots and Cockatoos2.7.2.2 Seed-Shelling Behavior of Granivorous Passerine Birds; 2.7.3 Coordination of the Jaw, Lingual, and Laryngeal Apparatus: Feeding and Drinking Mechanisms; 2.7.3.1 Lingual Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.2 Cranial-Inertial Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.3 Specialized Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.4 Drinking Mechanisms; 2.7.4 Coordination of the Jaw, Lingual, and Laryngotracheal Apparatus:Respiration and Vocalization; 2.7.4.1 Vocalization Mechanisms of Parrots; 2.7.4.2 Vocalization Mechanisms of Songbirds; 2.7.4.3 Vocalization Mechanisms of Chickens