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Preface-Second Edition; Preface-First Edition; Contents; Chapter 1: The Properties of Refractory and Heat Insulation Materials; 1.1 Classifications and Some Words About Quality Control; 1.2 Density, Porosity, and Related Characteristics; Types of Porosity; 1.3 Mechanical Characteristics; 1.3.1 Compressive and Bending Strength; 1.3.2 Elasticity Modulus, Hardness, and Weibull Modulus; Hardness; Weibull Modulus; 1.3.3 Elements of Fracture Mechanics; 1.4 Thermomechanical Properties; 1.4.1 Refractoriness; 1.4.2 Hot Modulus of Rupture; 1.4.3 Reheat Change: Permanent Linear Change on Reheating
1.4.4 High-Temperature Deformation: Characteristic Points and Softening Point1.4.5 reep; 1.5 Thermal Conductivity, Heat Capacity, and Temperature Conductivity (Heat Diffusivity); 1.5.1 Elements of Theory; 1.5.2 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity; 1.5.3 Methods of Thermal Conductivity Measurements Based on Principle of Stationary Heat Flow; 1.5.4 Methods of Thermal Conductivity Measurements Based on Principle of Nonstationary Heat Flow (Dynamic Methods); 1.6 Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion, Thermal Strains, and Thermal Shock Resistance; 1.6.1 Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion
1.6.2 Thermal Expansion of Refractory and Heat Insulation Materials: Elements of Theory1.6.3 Measurement of Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion; 1.6.4 Thermal Strains; 1.6.5 Thermal Shock; 1.6.6 Thermal Shock Factors; 1.6.7 Thermal Shock Resistance Measurements; 1.7 Corrosion Resistance; 1.7.1 Elements of Theory; Corrosion by Gases; Corrosion by Melts; 1.7.2 Tests; References; Density, Porosity and Related Characteristics: The Types of Porosity; Mechanical Characteristics; Thermomechanical Properties; Thermal Conductivity, Heat Capacity, and Temperature Conductivity (Heat Diffusivity)
The Thermal Coefficient of the Linear Expansion, Thermal Strains, and Thermal Shock ResistanceCorrosion Resistance; Chapter 2: Refractories and Carbon Cathode Materials for Aluminum Reduction Cells; 2.1 Aspects of Aluminum Reduction; 2.2 Lining of Reduction Cells; Preheating, Startup, and Operation; Retrofit of Cells and Trends; Main Causes of Failures; Dry ...; 2.2.1 Brief Discussion on Reduction Cell Linings; 2.2.2 Preheating and Startup of Reduction Cells; 2.2.3 Service Life and the Main Causes for Shutdowns; 2.2.4 Dry Autopsies; 2.3 Carbon Cathode Bottom Blocks
2.3.1 Types and Properties2.3.2 Elements of Technology, Raw Materials, and Processing; Raw Materials; Firing; Graphitization; Mechanical Milling (Finishing); 2.3.3 Defects in Carbon Cathode Blocks; 2.3.4 Testing and Characterization; 2.3.5 Grades of Carbon Cathode Blocks; 2.3.6 Structure of Carbon Cathode Blocks in Connection with Grain Size Composition, Sintering, and Pore Size Structure; 2.3.7 Interaction of Carbon Cathode Blocks with Steel Shell and Collector Bars; Cracks Induced by Thermal Strains and Thermal Shock
1.4.4 High-Temperature Deformation: Characteristic Points and Softening Point1.4.5 reep; 1.5 Thermal Conductivity, Heat Capacity, and Temperature Conductivity (Heat Diffusivity); 1.5.1 Elements of Theory; 1.5.2 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity; 1.5.3 Methods of Thermal Conductivity Measurements Based on Principle of Stationary Heat Flow; 1.5.4 Methods of Thermal Conductivity Measurements Based on Principle of Nonstationary Heat Flow (Dynamic Methods); 1.6 Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion, Thermal Strains, and Thermal Shock Resistance; 1.6.1 Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion
1.6.2 Thermal Expansion of Refractory and Heat Insulation Materials: Elements of Theory1.6.3 Measurement of Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion; 1.6.4 Thermal Strains; 1.6.5 Thermal Shock; 1.6.6 Thermal Shock Factors; 1.6.7 Thermal Shock Resistance Measurements; 1.7 Corrosion Resistance; 1.7.1 Elements of Theory; Corrosion by Gases; Corrosion by Melts; 1.7.2 Tests; References; Density, Porosity and Related Characteristics: The Types of Porosity; Mechanical Characteristics; Thermomechanical Properties; Thermal Conductivity, Heat Capacity, and Temperature Conductivity (Heat Diffusivity)
The Thermal Coefficient of the Linear Expansion, Thermal Strains, and Thermal Shock ResistanceCorrosion Resistance; Chapter 2: Refractories and Carbon Cathode Materials for Aluminum Reduction Cells; 2.1 Aspects of Aluminum Reduction; 2.2 Lining of Reduction Cells; Preheating, Startup, and Operation; Retrofit of Cells and Trends; Main Causes of Failures; Dry ...; 2.2.1 Brief Discussion on Reduction Cell Linings; 2.2.2 Preheating and Startup of Reduction Cells; 2.2.3 Service Life and the Main Causes for Shutdowns; 2.2.4 Dry Autopsies; 2.3 Carbon Cathode Bottom Blocks
2.3.1 Types and Properties2.3.2 Elements of Technology, Raw Materials, and Processing; Raw Materials; Firing; Graphitization; Mechanical Milling (Finishing); 2.3.3 Defects in Carbon Cathode Blocks; 2.3.4 Testing and Characterization; 2.3.5 Grades of Carbon Cathode Blocks; 2.3.6 Structure of Carbon Cathode Blocks in Connection with Grain Size Composition, Sintering, and Pore Size Structure; 2.3.7 Interaction of Carbon Cathode Blocks with Steel Shell and Collector Bars; Cracks Induced by Thermal Strains and Thermal Shock