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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; 1 Wind Integration in ERCOT; 1.1 Overview; 1.1.1 Texas Power System; 1.1.2 Wind Generation Development in Texas; 1.2 Transmission Development and Capacity Adequacy; 1.2.1 Transmission Access; 1.2.2 Transmission Reinforcement; 1.2.3 Capacity Adequacy and Wind Generation Resources; 1.3 ERCOT Energy Market and Ancillary Services; 1.3.1 Over View of Energy Market; 1.3.2 Ancillary Services; 1.3.3 Requirement for Primary Frequency Response; 1.3.4 ERCOT Frequency Performance; 1.3.5 Need for Modification of Ancillary Services; 1.3.6 Regulatory Requirement Changes
1.3.7 Changes to Responsive Reserve Requirement1.4 ERCOT Tools to Monitor and Predict System Inertia; 1.4.1 Inertia Monitoring Tool and Dashboard; 1.4.2 Inertia Prediction Tool; 1.5 Mitigation of Extremely Low System Inertia; 1.5.1 Bringing Additional Synchronous Inertia Online; 1.5.2 Increase the Rate of Primary Frequency Response; 1.5.3 Add Fast Frequency Response; 1.6 Conclusions; References; 2 Integration of Large-Scale Renewable Energy: Experience and Practice in China; 2.1 Development Status of Renewable Energy in China; 2.2 Problems in the Development of Renewable Energy
2.3 Typical Case of Large Scale Wind Generators Trip-off Accidents2.4 Impact of Integrating Intermittent Renewable Energy on Three Levels of Defense in Power System and Countermeasures; 2.4.1 Three Levels of Defense in Power System; 2.4.2 Impact of Integrating Intermittent Renewable Energy on Security and Stability of Power System; 2.4.3 Impact of Integrated Intermittent Renewable Energy on Three Levels of Defense in Power Systems; 2.4.4 Countermeasures to Mitigate Effect of Integrated Intermittent Renewable Energy on Three Levels of Defense in Power Systems
2.5 Application of Security and Stability Control Technique in Large Scale Renewable Energy Integration2.5.1 Application Example 1-Wind Power Integration; 2.5.2 Application Example 2-Wind Power Integration; 2.5.3 Application Example 3-Photovoltaic Power Integration; 2.6 Conclusion; 3 The Role of Ensemble Forecasting in Integrating Renewables into Power Systems: From Theory to Real-Time Applications; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Need for and Background of Ensemble Forecasting; 3.2.1 Ensemble Prediction Methodologies; 3.2.2 Evaluation of Quality and Value of Probabilistic Forecasts
3.2.3 Ensemble Predictions Versus Mixing of Multiple Deterministic Models3.2.4 Ensemble Calibration Methodologies; 3.2.5 The Importance of the Correct Choice of Ensemble Forecasts; 3.3 Best Practises on the Use of Ensemble Forecasts; 3.3.1 The Role of Stakeholders; 3.3.2 How to Define a Forecast Optimization Criteria; 3.4 Forecasting Approaches for Large-Scale Wind and Solar Integration; 3.4.1 Bottom-Up Forecasting Approaches; 3.4.2 Top-Down Forecasting Approaches; 3.4.3 Hybrid Forecasting Approaches; 3.4.4 Forecasting Approaches for Cross-Country Wind and Solar Integration
1.3.7 Changes to Responsive Reserve Requirement1.4 ERCOT Tools to Monitor and Predict System Inertia; 1.4.1 Inertia Monitoring Tool and Dashboard; 1.4.2 Inertia Prediction Tool; 1.5 Mitigation of Extremely Low System Inertia; 1.5.1 Bringing Additional Synchronous Inertia Online; 1.5.2 Increase the Rate of Primary Frequency Response; 1.5.3 Add Fast Frequency Response; 1.6 Conclusions; References; 2 Integration of Large-Scale Renewable Energy: Experience and Practice in China; 2.1 Development Status of Renewable Energy in China; 2.2 Problems in the Development of Renewable Energy
2.3 Typical Case of Large Scale Wind Generators Trip-off Accidents2.4 Impact of Integrating Intermittent Renewable Energy on Three Levels of Defense in Power System and Countermeasures; 2.4.1 Three Levels of Defense in Power System; 2.4.2 Impact of Integrating Intermittent Renewable Energy on Security and Stability of Power System; 2.4.3 Impact of Integrated Intermittent Renewable Energy on Three Levels of Defense in Power Systems; 2.4.4 Countermeasures to Mitigate Effect of Integrated Intermittent Renewable Energy on Three Levels of Defense in Power Systems
2.5 Application of Security and Stability Control Technique in Large Scale Renewable Energy Integration2.5.1 Application Example 1-Wind Power Integration; 2.5.2 Application Example 2-Wind Power Integration; 2.5.3 Application Example 3-Photovoltaic Power Integration; 2.6 Conclusion; 3 The Role of Ensemble Forecasting in Integrating Renewables into Power Systems: From Theory to Real-Time Applications; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Need for and Background of Ensemble Forecasting; 3.2.1 Ensemble Prediction Methodologies; 3.2.2 Evaluation of Quality and Value of Probabilistic Forecasts
3.2.3 Ensemble Predictions Versus Mixing of Multiple Deterministic Models3.2.4 Ensemble Calibration Methodologies; 3.2.5 The Importance of the Correct Choice of Ensemble Forecasts; 3.3 Best Practises on the Use of Ensemble Forecasts; 3.3.1 The Role of Stakeholders; 3.3.2 How to Define a Forecast Optimization Criteria; 3.4 Forecasting Approaches for Large-Scale Wind and Solar Integration; 3.4.1 Bottom-Up Forecasting Approaches; 3.4.2 Top-Down Forecasting Approaches; 3.4.3 Hybrid Forecasting Approaches; 3.4.4 Forecasting Approaches for Cross-Country Wind and Solar Integration