Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; 1 Introduction; References; 2 Mediastinal Biopsy Techniques; Introduction; Mediastinal Anatomic Considerations; Indications for Mediastinal Biopsies; Mediastinal Biopsy Techniques and Approaches; Conflict of Interest/Financial Relationships; References; 3 Radiologic Features of Mediastinal Lesions; Introduction; Classification of Mediastinal Compartments; General Considerations; Role of Imaging; Imaging Approach to Mediastinal Lesions; Fat-Containing Lesions; Teratoma; Thymolipoma; Lipoma and Liposarcoma; Cystic Lesions; Thymic Cyst; Teratoma

Pericardial CystBronchogenic Cyst; Esophageal Duplication Cyst; Meningocele; Soft Tissue Lesions; Thyroid Goiter; Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Non-Teratomatous Germ Cell Tumors; Thymic Hyperplasia; Esophageal Neoplasms; Neurogenic Neoplasms; Miscellaneous Lesions; Paraspinal Abscess; Parathyroid Adenoma; Extramedullary Hematopoiesis; Take Home Message; References; 4 Cytologic Features of Mediastinal Lesions; Introduction; Thymoma: Challenges and Pitfalls; Thymoma Type A; Spindle Cell Carcinoid Tumor; Soft Tissue Tumors; Thymoma WHO Type B; Thymic Carcinoma; Carcinoid Tumors

Germ Cell TumorsSeminoma; Embryonal Carcinoma; Yolk Sac Tumor; Choriocarcinoma; Metastatic Carcinoma; Thymoma WHO Type B1; Lymphoma; Large B-Cell Lymphoma; Acute Lymphoblastic Lymphoma; Thymic Hyperplasia; Small Blue Cell Pattern; Ewing Sarcoma; Small Cell Carcinoma; Neuroblastoma; Immature Teratoma; Inflammatory Patterns; Granulomatous Infectious Diseases; Sarcoidosis; Hodgkin Lymphoma; Thymic Cysts; Mesothelial/Pericardial Cysts; Bronchogenic Cyst; Mature Teratoma; Cystic Thymoma; Major Pitfalls for the Cytological Diagnosis of Thymoma; References

5 Thymic Epithelial Tumors and Benign Thymic LesionsThymic Epithelial Tumors: Thymomas, Thymic Carcinomas, Neuroendocrine Tumors; Thymic Epithelial Tumors: Definition and Terminology; Tumor Heterogeneity, Proper Sampling, Reporting of Histology and Tumor Stage; Epidemiology; Etiology and Molecular Pathogenesis; Clinical Considerations; Problems with Small Biopsies and Biopsy Indications-General Considerations; Thymomas; Type A Thymoma, Including the "Atypical Type a Thymoma" Variant; Type AB Thymoma; Type B1 Thymoma; Type B2 Thymoma; Type B3 Thymoma

Micronodular Thymoma with Lymphoid Stroma (MNT)Metaplastic Thymoma (MPT); Rare Other Thymomas; Thymic Carcinomas (TCs); Thymic Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TSQCC); Basaloid Carcinomas; Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma (LELC); Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma; Clear Cell Carcinoma; Sarcomatoid Carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma; NUT Carcinoma; Undifferentiated Carcinoma; Other Rare Thymic Carcinomas; Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Thymus; Typical and Atypical Carcinoids; Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma; Small-Cell Carcinoma; Thymic Hyperplasias; True Thymic Hyperplasia; Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia (TFH)