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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements; Contents; Part I Introduction to Flow Control Technology; 1 Introduction and Literature Survey; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Vortex Generators; 1.3 Air-Jet Vortex Generators; 1.4 Synthetic Jets; 1.5 Surface Blowing Circulation; 1.6 Surface Suction; 1.7 Plasma Technology; 1.8 Nonfluidic Devices; 1.8.1 Leading Edge Geometries; 1.8.2 Trailing Edge Flaps: Gurney Flaps; 1.8.2.1 Actuation Mechanism; 1.9 Conclusions; References; Part II Design of Modern Gurney Flap; 2 CFD Method for Modelling Gurney Flaps; 2.1 Numerical Methods; 2.1.1 HMB Solver; 2.1.2 Modelling Gurney Flaps
2.1.2.1 Proposed Methods2.1.2.2 Implementation of the Gurney flaps; 2.1.3 Results for Gurney Flaps in Two Dimensions; 2.1.3.1 Fixed Gurney Flap; 2.1.3.2 Resolving Flow Details Near the Gurney Flap; 2.1.3.3 Comparison Against Thick Gurney Flap; 2.2 3D Computations: Gurney Flaps vs Vortex Generators, Comparison Study of Aerodynamic Characteristics; 2.2.1 Static Computations; 2.2.2 Pitching-Translating Wing Computations; 2.2.3 Observations; References; 3 Performance Enhancement of Rotors in Hover Using Fixed Gurney Flaps; Nomenclature; Latin; Greek; Acronyms; 3.1 Numerical Methods
3.1.1 Modelling Gurney Flaps3.1.2 Coupling with Structural Dynamics; 3.1.3 Trimming Method; 3.2 Hover Flight Calculations; 3.2.1 W3-Sokol MRB Geometry; 3.2.2 Rigid Blade Computations; 3.2.2.1 Performance; 3.2.2.2 Analysis of Rigid Blade Results; 3.2.3 Aeroelastic Calculations; 3.2.3.1 Application of the Aeroelastic Method and Trimming; 3.2.3.2 Analysis of Elastic Blade Results; 3.3 Conclusions; References; 4 Alleviation of Retreating Side Stall Using Active Gurney Flaps; Nomenclature; Latin; Greek; Acronyms; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Numerical Methods; 4.2.1 Coupling with Structural Dynamics
4.2.2 Trimming Method4.3 W3 Main Rotor; 4.4 Flight Test Data; 4.5 Forward Flight; 4.5.1 Rigid Blade; 4.5.2 Elastic Blade; 4.6 Conclusions; References; 5 Effect of Gurney Flaps on Overall Helicopter Flight Envelope; Nomenclature; Latin; Greek; Acronyms; 5.1 Gurney Effect on Structural Properties of the Blade; 5.2 Closed Loop Control; 5.2.1 2D Closed Loop Control; 5.2.2 W3-Sokol Closed Loop Control; 5.3 Effect of Gurney Flap on Full Helicopter Model; 5.3.1 FLIGHTLAB Model; 5.3.2 FLIGHTLAB Validation; 5.3.3 Designed Controller for Closed Loop Analysis
5.3.4 Synthesis of Control Law with Observers5.3.5 Handling Qualities; 5.4 Conclusions and Future Work; References; 6 Active Gurney Flap Unit; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Gurney Flap Actuation Mechanism Concept; 6.2.1 Position Analysis; 6.2.2 Velocity Analysis; 6.2.3 Dynamic Force Analysis; 6.3 Blade Section with Active Gurney Flap; 6.4 Conclusions; References; 7 Gurney Flap Force Calculations; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Retracting Gurney Flap; 7.3 Solution Methodology; 7.4 Results; 7.5 Conclusion; References; Part III Design of Rod Vortex Generator
2.1.2.1 Proposed Methods2.1.2.2 Implementation of the Gurney flaps; 2.1.3 Results for Gurney Flaps in Two Dimensions; 2.1.3.1 Fixed Gurney Flap; 2.1.3.2 Resolving Flow Details Near the Gurney Flap; 2.1.3.3 Comparison Against Thick Gurney Flap; 2.2 3D Computations: Gurney Flaps vs Vortex Generators, Comparison Study of Aerodynamic Characteristics; 2.2.1 Static Computations; 2.2.2 Pitching-Translating Wing Computations; 2.2.3 Observations; References; 3 Performance Enhancement of Rotors in Hover Using Fixed Gurney Flaps; Nomenclature; Latin; Greek; Acronyms; 3.1 Numerical Methods
3.1.1 Modelling Gurney Flaps3.1.2 Coupling with Structural Dynamics; 3.1.3 Trimming Method; 3.2 Hover Flight Calculations; 3.2.1 W3-Sokol MRB Geometry; 3.2.2 Rigid Blade Computations; 3.2.2.1 Performance; 3.2.2.2 Analysis of Rigid Blade Results; 3.2.3 Aeroelastic Calculations; 3.2.3.1 Application of the Aeroelastic Method and Trimming; 3.2.3.2 Analysis of Elastic Blade Results; 3.3 Conclusions; References; 4 Alleviation of Retreating Side Stall Using Active Gurney Flaps; Nomenclature; Latin; Greek; Acronyms; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Numerical Methods; 4.2.1 Coupling with Structural Dynamics
4.2.2 Trimming Method4.3 W3 Main Rotor; 4.4 Flight Test Data; 4.5 Forward Flight; 4.5.1 Rigid Blade; 4.5.2 Elastic Blade; 4.6 Conclusions; References; 5 Effect of Gurney Flaps on Overall Helicopter Flight Envelope; Nomenclature; Latin; Greek; Acronyms; 5.1 Gurney Effect on Structural Properties of the Blade; 5.2 Closed Loop Control; 5.2.1 2D Closed Loop Control; 5.2.2 W3-Sokol Closed Loop Control; 5.3 Effect of Gurney Flap on Full Helicopter Model; 5.3.1 FLIGHTLAB Model; 5.3.2 FLIGHTLAB Validation; 5.3.3 Designed Controller for Closed Loop Analysis
5.3.4 Synthesis of Control Law with Observers5.3.5 Handling Qualities; 5.4 Conclusions and Future Work; References; 6 Active Gurney Flap Unit; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Gurney Flap Actuation Mechanism Concept; 6.2.1 Position Analysis; 6.2.2 Velocity Analysis; 6.2.3 Dynamic Force Analysis; 6.3 Blade Section with Active Gurney Flap; 6.4 Conclusions; References; 7 Gurney Flap Force Calculations; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Retracting Gurney Flap; 7.3 Solution Methodology; 7.4 Results; 7.5 Conclusion; References; Part III Design of Rod Vortex Generator