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Table of Contents
1 Introduction; Abstract; Fundamentals; 2 Resources. Production. Depletion; 2.1 Characteristics of Primary Energy Resources; 2.2 Production and Consumption Trends of Primary Energy; 2.3 Characteristics of Mineral Resources; 2.4 Production of the Main Mineral Commodities; 2.5 Scarcity Assessment of Minerals; References; 3 Fundamentals of Exergy Analysis; Abstract; 3.1 First and Second Law of Thermodynamics; 3.1.1 First Law of Thermodynamics (I LT). Energy Balance; 3.1.2 Energy Efficiency; 3.1.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics (II LT). Exergy Concept
3.2 Exergy Definition, Balance and Exergy Efficiency3.3 Components of Exergy. Calculation of Exergy; 3.3.1 Kinetic and Potential Exergy; 3.3.2 Physical Exergy; 3.3.3 Exergetic value of heat; 3.3.4 Chemical Exergy; 3.4 Summary-Energy Versus Exergy; References; 4 "Input-Output" Approach to Energy Production Systems; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction-State of the Art; 4.2 Leontief's Input-Output Model and Its Modifications; 4.3 Linear Mathematical Model of Energy Economy of Industrial Plant; 4.4 Input-Output Model of Oxy-Fuel Combustion (OFC) Power Plant Integrated with CO2 Capture
4.5 Input-Output Model of Energy System of a Complex Building4.6 Conclusions; References; 5 Cumulative Calculus and Life Cycle Evaluation; Abstract; 5.1 Problems of Local and Global Resources Assessment; 5.2 Cumulative Energy and Exergy Consumption; 5.3 Cumulative Emissions of Waste Products; 5.4 Life Cycle Assessment Approach; 5.4.1 Characterization Factors of Harmful Substances Potential; 5.4.2 Cumulative Harmful Potentials; 5.4.3 Comparative Features of TEC and LCA Analysis; References; 6 Thermodynamic Methods to Evaluate Resources; Abstract; 6.1 Fundamentals of Chemical Exergy Calculation
6.2 Mineral Resources Exergy6.3 Nuclear Exergy; 6.4 Solar Radiation Exergy; 6.5 Water Resources Exergy; 6.5.1 Exergy Components of a Water Flow; 6.5.2 Referent Environment for the Exergy Analysis of Water; References; 7 Theory of Exergy Cost and Thermo-ecological Cost; Abstract; 7.1 Thermoeconomics and the Thermoeconomic Model; 7.1.1 Physical Structure; 7.1.2 Productive Structure; 7.2 Exergy Cost and the Exergy Cost Theory (ECT); 7.2.1 Exergy Cost Theory Propositions; 7.3 Symbolic Thermoeconomics; 7.3.1 Productive Structure and the Fuel-Product Table
7.3.2 Calculation of Product and Irreversibility7.3.3 The Cost Formation Process of Products and Residues; 7.4 Theory of Thermo-ecological Cost (TEC); 7.4.1 Thermo-ecological Assessment of Rejection of Harmful Substances; 7.4.2 Minimization of Non-renewable Exergy Depletion; 7.5 Connection of TEC and Symbolic Thermoeconomics; References; 8 The Thermodynamic Rarity Concept for the Evaluation of Mineral Resources; Abstract; 8.1 Exergy Evaluation of Mineral Resources; 8.2 Thanatia: The Baseline for Calculating the Concentration Exergy of Mineral Resources; 8.3 The Exergy Replacement Costs
3.2 Exergy Definition, Balance and Exergy Efficiency3.3 Components of Exergy. Calculation of Exergy; 3.3.1 Kinetic and Potential Exergy; 3.3.2 Physical Exergy; 3.3.3 Exergetic value of heat; 3.3.4 Chemical Exergy; 3.4 Summary-Energy Versus Exergy; References; 4 "Input-Output" Approach to Energy Production Systems; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction-State of the Art; 4.2 Leontief's Input-Output Model and Its Modifications; 4.3 Linear Mathematical Model of Energy Economy of Industrial Plant; 4.4 Input-Output Model of Oxy-Fuel Combustion (OFC) Power Plant Integrated with CO2 Capture
4.5 Input-Output Model of Energy System of a Complex Building4.6 Conclusions; References; 5 Cumulative Calculus and Life Cycle Evaluation; Abstract; 5.1 Problems of Local and Global Resources Assessment; 5.2 Cumulative Energy and Exergy Consumption; 5.3 Cumulative Emissions of Waste Products; 5.4 Life Cycle Assessment Approach; 5.4.1 Characterization Factors of Harmful Substances Potential; 5.4.2 Cumulative Harmful Potentials; 5.4.3 Comparative Features of TEC and LCA Analysis; References; 6 Thermodynamic Methods to Evaluate Resources; Abstract; 6.1 Fundamentals of Chemical Exergy Calculation
6.2 Mineral Resources Exergy6.3 Nuclear Exergy; 6.4 Solar Radiation Exergy; 6.5 Water Resources Exergy; 6.5.1 Exergy Components of a Water Flow; 6.5.2 Referent Environment for the Exergy Analysis of Water; References; 7 Theory of Exergy Cost and Thermo-ecological Cost; Abstract; 7.1 Thermoeconomics and the Thermoeconomic Model; 7.1.1 Physical Structure; 7.1.2 Productive Structure; 7.2 Exergy Cost and the Exergy Cost Theory (ECT); 7.2.1 Exergy Cost Theory Propositions; 7.3 Symbolic Thermoeconomics; 7.3.1 Productive Structure and the Fuel-Product Table
7.3.2 Calculation of Product and Irreversibility7.3.3 The Cost Formation Process of Products and Residues; 7.4 Theory of Thermo-ecological Cost (TEC); 7.4.1 Thermo-ecological Assessment of Rejection of Harmful Substances; 7.4.2 Minimization of Non-renewable Exergy Depletion; 7.5 Connection of TEC and Symbolic Thermoeconomics; References; 8 The Thermodynamic Rarity Concept for the Evaluation of Mineral Resources; Abstract; 8.1 Exergy Evaluation of Mineral Resources; 8.2 Thanatia: The Baseline for Calculating the Concentration Exergy of Mineral Resources; 8.3 The Exergy Replacement Costs