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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and ultrastructure
2.1 The arteries
2.2 Cerebral vascular architecture
2.3 The veins
2.4 Structure of cerebral vessels
2.5 The microcirculation and the "neurovascular unit"
2.5.1 Pericytes
2.6 Collaterals
3. Perivascular innervation
3.1 Roles of extrinsic innervation
4. Regulation of cerebrovascular tone
4.1 Myogenic response
4.1.1 Mechanisms of myogenic response initiation
4.1.2 Mechanisms of myogenic reactivity
4.1.3 Feedback
4.1.4 Effect of disease states on myogenic tone and reactivity
4.2 Endothelial regulation of tone
4.2.1 Nitric oxide
4.2.2 Endothelium-derived hyperpolarization
4.2.3 Prostacyclin
5. Control of cerebral blood flow
5.1 Cerebral hemodynamics
5.2 Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
5.3 Segmental vascular resistance
5.4 Neural-astrocyte regulation
5.5 Effect of oxygen
5.6 Effect of carbon dioxide
6. Barriers of the CNS
6.1 The blood-CSF barrier
6.2 The blood-brain barrier
6.3 Ultrastructure of the BBB
6.3.1 Tight junctions
6.3.2 Adherens junctions
6.4 Regulation of paracellular permeability
6.5 BBB transporters
6.6 Transcellular transport
6.7 Water homeostasis in the brain
6.8 Hydraulic conductivity
6.9 Role of astrocytes in BBB function
6.10 Cerebral edema formation
6.10.1 Cytotoxic vs. vasogenic edema
7. Summary
References
Author biography.
2. Anatomy and ultrastructure
2.1 The arteries
2.2 Cerebral vascular architecture
2.3 The veins
2.4 Structure of cerebral vessels
2.5 The microcirculation and the "neurovascular unit"
2.5.1 Pericytes
2.6 Collaterals
3. Perivascular innervation
3.1 Roles of extrinsic innervation
4. Regulation of cerebrovascular tone
4.1 Myogenic response
4.1.1 Mechanisms of myogenic response initiation
4.1.2 Mechanisms of myogenic reactivity
4.1.3 Feedback
4.1.4 Effect of disease states on myogenic tone and reactivity
4.2 Endothelial regulation of tone
4.2.1 Nitric oxide
4.2.2 Endothelium-derived hyperpolarization
4.2.3 Prostacyclin
5. Control of cerebral blood flow
5.1 Cerebral hemodynamics
5.2 Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
5.3 Segmental vascular resistance
5.4 Neural-astrocyte regulation
5.5 Effect of oxygen
5.6 Effect of carbon dioxide
6. Barriers of the CNS
6.1 The blood-CSF barrier
6.2 The blood-brain barrier
6.3 Ultrastructure of the BBB
6.3.1 Tight junctions
6.3.2 Adherens junctions
6.4 Regulation of paracellular permeability
6.5 BBB transporters
6.6 Transcellular transport
6.7 Water homeostasis in the brain
6.8 Hydraulic conductivity
6.9 Role of astrocytes in BBB function
6.10 Cerebral edema formation
6.10.1 Cytotoxic vs. vasogenic edema
7. Summary
References
Author biography.