Preface; Contents; About the Authors; 1 Structure and Properties of Lignin; Abstract; 1.1 Lignin; 1.2 Types of Lignin; 1.3 Utilization of Lignin; 1.4 Summary; References; 2 Degradation of Lignin by Pyrolysis; Abstract; 2.1 Pyrolysis Technology; 2.2 Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin; 2.2.1 Lignin Pyrolysis Mechanism; 2.2.2 Effects of Types of Lignin; 2.2.3 Effects of Temperature; 2.2.4 Effects of Catalyst; 2.2.5 Pyrolysis Reactors; 2.3 Summary; References; 3 Degradation of Lignin by Depolymerization; Abstract; 3.1 General Introduction on Lignin Depolymerization

3.2 Hydrolytic Depolymerization of Lignin3.3 Reductive Depolymerization of Lignin; 3.3.1 Reductive Lignin Depolymerization in Hydrogen Donating Solvents or Reductive Agents; 3.3.2 Reductive Lignin Depolymerization in Gaseous Hydrogen; 3.4 Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin; 3.5 Summary; References; 4 Utilizations of Lignin for Polymer Reinforcement and Carbon Fibers; Abstract; 4.1 Lignin for Polymer Reinforcement; 4.1.1 Natural Rubber (NR)/Lignin Composites; 4.1.2 Polyethylene (PE)/Lignin Composites; 4.1.3 Polypropylene (PP)/Lignin Composites

4.1.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)/Lignin Composites4.1.5 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)/Lignin Composites; 4.1.6 Polystyrene/Lignin Composites; 4.1.7 Others Polymers/Lignin Composites; 4.2 Lignin for Carbon Fibers; 4.2.1 Carbon Fiber from Raw Lignin; 4.2.2 Carbon Fibers from Lignin/Polymer Blends; 4.2.3 Carbon Fibers from Chemically Modified Lignin; 4.3 Summary; References; 5 Utilization of Lignosulfonate as Dispersants or Surfactants; Abstract; 5.1 Lignosulfonate and Structure; 5.2 Lignosulfonate Applications; 5.2.1 Oil Well Dispersants; 5.2.2 Coal-Water Slurry (CWS) Dispersants

5.2.3 Dispersants in Other Applications5.3 Summary; References; 6 Lignin-Based Phenol-Formaldehyde (LPF) Resins/Adhesives; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 LPF Resins from Lignosulfonates; 6.3 LPF Resins from Kraft Lignin; 6.4 LPF Resins from Organosolv Lignin; 6.5 LPF Resins from Hydrolysis Lignin; 6.6 LPF Resins from Soda Lignin (Alkali Lignin); 6.7 LPF Resins from Biorefinery Residues; 6.8 Summary; References; 7 Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins; Abstract; 7.1 Epoxy Resins and Its Synthesis; 7.2 Curing and Applications of Epoxy Resins; 7.3 Synthesis of Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins

7.3.1 Physical Blending of Lignin and Epoxy Resin7.3.2 Epoxidation of Lignin After Pretreatment; 7.3.3 Direct Epoxidation of Lignin; 7.4 Curing Kinetics of Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins; 7.5 Thermal Properties of Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins; 7.6 Summary; References; 8 Lignin-Based Polyurethane (PU) Resins and Foams; Abstract; 8.1 Polyurethane; 8.2 Biopolyols and Bio-based Polyurethane; 8.3 Lignin-Based Polyurethane; 8.3.1 Lignin-Based Polyurethane Elastomers; 8.3.2 Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coatings/Adhesives/Sealants; 8.3.3 Lignin-Based Flexible Polyurethane Foams