Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Editors and Contributors; Overview; 1 History of Substance Abuse Research in the United States; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Definition of Key Terms; 1.3 History of Substance Abuse Research in the United States; 1.3.1 Early Addiction Research; 1.3.2 Post War to 1965-A New Beginning in Substance Abuse Research; 1.3.3 1965-Today; 1.4 Increasing Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Research; 1.5 Continued Challenges and New Opportunities; 1.6 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References

2 Transdisciplinary Research Perspective: Epidemiological Criminology as an Emerging Theoretical Framework for Substance Abuse Research2.1 Transdisciplinary Thinking: Going Down the Rabbit Hole; 2.2 Rethinking Health and Crime in Substance Abuse Research; 2.2.1 Language and Lexicon: Finding a Common Ground; 2.3 Drug Users (a Challenging Group to Research): Defining a Research Protocol; 2.4 Methods at the Intersection of Epidemiology and Criminology; 2.5 Rethinking Our Way of Thinking for Substance Abuse Research; 2.6 Challenges in Conducting Transdisciplinary Research on Substance Abuse

2.6.1 Traditionalism Versus Enlightenment2.6.2 Bias While Tiptoeing Through the Tulips (Sample Selection and Reporting of Drug Use); 2.6.3 Case Study: The Evolution of Epidemiological Criminology; 2.6.4 Healthy Behavior or Criminal Behavior: Identifying a Tipping Point; 2.7 Summary; References; Quantitative Approaches; 3 Randomized Controlled Trials in Substance Abuse Treatment Research: Fundamental Aspects and New Developments in Random Assignment Strategies, Comparison/Control Conditions, and Design Characteristics; 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Randomized Control Trails and Substance Abuse Research3.2.1 Determining the Research Question; 3.2.2 Stage I Trials; 3.2.3 Stage II Trials; 3.2.4 Stage III Trials; 3.3 Should the Research Focus on Treatment as a Technique in Substance Abuse Treatment RTCs Be Reconsidered?; 3.3.1 Participant Selection; 3.3.2 Choice of Design and Control/Comparison Groups; 3.3.3 Adaptive Designs; 3.3.4 Randomization Strategies; 3.4 Conclusions; References; 4 Sampling Strategies for Substance Abuse Research; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 General Sample Design Principles for Probability Samples; 4.2.1 Stratification

4.2.2 Cluster Sampling4.2.3 Practical Considerations; 4.3 Probability Sampling for Specific Types of Substance Use Studies; 4.3.1 General Population Surveys; 4.3.2 Student Surveys; 4.3.3 Other Types of Sampling for Substance Abuse Studies; 4.4 Non-probability Sampling for Substance Abuse Studies; 4.5 Estimation Based on the Sample Design; 4.6 Conclusion; References; 5 Common Statistical Methods for Primary and Secondary Analysis in Substance Abuse Research; 5.1 Introduction-Primary and Secondary Analyses; 5.2 Study Design; 5.2.1 Selecting a Primary Research Hypothesis and Outcome Measure