1: General Approach to Patients with Autonomic Disorders: "What Is the Autonomic Disease?" - A Basic Tutorial to Autonomic Physiology and Pathophysiology; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Neuroanatomy; 1.2.1 Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation; 1.2.1.1 Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex, Fig. 1.2; 1.2.1.2 Orthostasis and Active Standing; 1.2.2 Autonomic Regulation of Sweating; 1.2.3 Autonomic Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Tract; 1.2.4 Modulation of Autonomic Control During Sleep; References; 2: Autonomic History Taking and Key Symptoms: Where Is the Autonomic Disease?

2.1 History Taking: You Need to Know What You're Looking for2.2 Key Autonomic Symptoms (Per Domain); 2.2.1 Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction; 2.2.1.1 How Does the Patient Complain About It; 2.2.1.2 Can I Be Sure? Alternative Etiologies to Take into Account; 2.2.2 Dermatological (Sweating and Vasomotor Disorders); 2.2.2.1 How Does the Patient Complain About Them; 2.2.2.2 Can I Be Sure? Alternative Etiologies to Take into Account; 2.2.3 Urogenital; 2.2.3.1 How Does the Patient Complain About Them; 2.2.3.2 Can I Be Sure? Alternative Etiologies to Take into Account

2.2.4 Gastrointestinal2.2.4.1 How Does the Patient Complain About Them; 2.2.4.2 Can I Be Sure? Alternative Etiologies to Take into Account; 2.2.5 Respiration and Sleep; 2.2.5.1 How Does the Patient Complain About Them; 2.2.5.2 Can I Be Sure? Alternative Etiologies to Take into Account; 2.2.6 Ophthalmological Autonomic Dysfunction; 2.2.6.1 How Does the Patient Complain About It; 2.2.6.2 Can I Be Sure? Alternative Etiologies to Take into Account; 2.2.7 Useful Screening Tools: Autonomic Questionnaires; 2.3 Other Important Clues from History Taking

2.3.1 Time Course: Episodic/Situational, Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Symptoms2.3.2 Age and Gender; 2.3.3 Family History; 2.3.4 Comorbidities: Main Suspects; 2.3.5 Additional Neurological Signs; 2.4 From Autonomic Symptoms to a Diagnostic Hypothesis; 2.4.1 Primary Autonomic Diseases; 2.4.2 Secondary Autonomic Diseases; References; 3: The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction and Disease; 3.1 Diagnostic Approaches to Cardiovascular Autonomic Diseases; 3.1.1 History, Neurological and General Evaluation, and ECG Assessment

3.1.2 What Clinical Signs Hint to a Cardiovascular Autonomic Disease?3.2 What Can I Differentiate Already at Bedside and How Do I Manage the Patient?; 3.2.1 Hypotension; 3.2.1.1 Orthostatic Hypotension; Definition; Epidemiology; Non-neurogenic Causes of OH; Examination; Treatment of OH; General Management [5, 26]; Non-pharmacological Treatment; Pharmacologic Treatment; 3.2.1.2 Postprandial Hypotension (PPH); Definition; Risk Factors for Postprandial Hypotension [47]; Treatment of PPH; Non-pharmacological Management [48]; Pharmacological Management [26, 49]