Acknowledgements; Contents; About the Authors; Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; 2 Discrete Nano Biomaterials; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Synthesis Approaches; 2.2.1 The Bottom-up Approach; 2.2.2 The Top-down Approach; 2.3 Materials for Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications; 2.3.1 Naturally Occurring Polymers; 2.3.2 Synthetically Obtained Polymers; 2.4 Applications of Polymeric Nano-Particles/Biomaterials; 2.4.1 Drug Delivery and Transfection; 2.4.2 For Incorporation in Medical Implants; 2.4.3 Photothermal Nanotherapeutics and Nanodiagnostics

2.4.4 Lipid‐Based Nanotherapeutics for Nucleic Acid Delivery2.4.5 Nanotherapeutics for Chemotherapy; 2.4.6 Quantum Dots for Traceable Therapeutic Delivery; 2.4.7 Strategies to Improve Implant Tolerance; 3 Anisotropic Nano-Systems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Synthesis of Anisotropic Nanoparticles; 3.2.1 Seed Mediated Method; 3.2.2 Photochemical Synthesis; 3.2.3 Polyol Synthesis; 3.2.4 Synthesis by Using Template; 3.3 Assembly of Anisotropic Nanoparticles; 3.3.1 Template Based Assembly of NPs; 3.3.2 Self-assembly by Solvent Evaporation Method; 3.3.3 Self-assembly of ANPs by van der Waals Forces

3.3.4 Self-assembly of Particles by Nature of Bonding3.3.4.1 Self-assembly Through Covalent Bonding; 3.3.4.2 Self-assembly by Hydrogen Bonding; 3.3.4.3 Field Directed (Electric and Magnetic) Self-assembly of Anisotropic Nanoparticles; 3.4 Applications; 3.4.1 Catalytic Applications of Anisotropic Nanoparticles; 3.4.2 Biosensor and Bioprobes; 3.4.3 Photothermal Therapy for Cancer; 3.5 Conclusion; 4 Nano-Films/Coated/Layered Systems; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL); 4.3 Methods of LbL Assemblies; 4.3.1 Dipping; 4.3.2 Spin Coating; 4.3.3 Spray Assisted LbL

4.4 Template Assisted LbL Assembly4.4.1 LbL Assisted Nanotubes Using Nanoporous Templates; 4.5 Polyelectrolyte Capsules as Multifunctional Platforms; 4.6 Polyelectrolyte Thin Film Based Electrodes and Implants; 4.7 Applications of Nano-Films/Coated/Layered Implants; 4.7.1 Nano-/Structured Electrodes for Neural Interfaces; 4.7.2 Nano-Coating and Nano-Texturing on Existing Implant Surfaces; 4.7.3 Nano-Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Therapeutics; 5 Nanocomposites; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Applications of Nanocomposites; 5.2.1 Nano-Composites for Cellular Imaging and Therapy

5.2.2 Nano-Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery5.2.3 Nano-Composites as Bio Mimicking Substrates; 5.2.4 Nano-Composites for Applications in Tissue Engineering; 6 Conclusion; References