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Chapter 1: Introduction Section: Overview of Therapeutic Angiogenesis; Part I: Cell Therapy; Chapter 2: Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Implantation in Extremities with Critical Limb Ischemia; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Revascularization Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia; 2.3 Mechanisms of Angiogenesis Through Cell Transplantation; 2.4 Indications for Autologous BMMNCs-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 2.5 Details of Autologous BMMNCs Transplantation; 2.6 Clinical Trials of Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Autologous BMMNCs
2.6.1 First Clinical Trial of Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Autologous BMMNCs2.6.2 Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Autologous BMMNCs-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 2.7 Persistence of the Effects Induced by Therapeutic Angiogenesis Treatment; 2.7.1 Drug Therapies Used in Combination with Revascularization Therapy; 2.8 Exercise Therapy for Ischemic Lower Limbs; 2.9 Points to Note for Cases with Frequent Cardiovascular Complications; 2.10 Indicators of Peripheral Blood Flow Improvement; 2.11 Issues in Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 2.12 Conclusion; References
Chapter 3: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Limb Ischemia3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Pro-angiogenic Properties of PB-MNCs; 3.3 Clinical Studies of Unselected PB-MNCs for Limb Ischemia; 3.4 Clinical Studies Comparing BM-MNCs with PB-MNCs for Limb Ischemia; 3.5 Clinical Studies of PB-MNCs for Limb Ischemia; 3.6 Mechanisms of PB-MNC-Induced Neovascularization; 3.7 Modifiers of Cell Therapy; 3.7.1 Influence of Systemic Conditions; 3.7.2 Mobilizers; 3.7.3 Genetic Engineering; 3.7.4 Hypoxic Preconditioning; 3.7.5 Ultrasound; 3.7.6 Cell Scaffolds and Biomaterials
3.8 Conclusion and Future DirectionsReferences; Chapter 4: Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Ischemic Diseases; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Biological Characteristics and Definition of EPCs; 4.2.1 Tissue EPCs vs. Circulating EPCs; 4.2.2 Hematopoietic EPCs vs. Non-hematopoietic EPCs; 4.2.3 Colony-Forming EPCs vs. Non-colony-Forming EPCs; 4.2.3.1 Colony-Forming EPCs; 4.2.3.2 Non-colony-Forming EPCs; 4.3 EPC Mobilization and Kinetics in Peripheral Blood; 4.4 Role of EPCs in Postnatal Neovascularization; 4.5 EPC-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 4.5.1 EPC Transplantation in Experimental Animals
4.5.2 EPC Transplantation in Clinical Trials4.5.3 Problems in EPC Transplantation; 4.6 EPC as a Biomarker for Ischemic Diseases; 4.7 Future Strategy with EPC Transplantation; 4.8 Summary; References; Chapter 5: Therapeutic Angiogenesis with Adipose Tissue-Derived Regenerative Cells; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Growth Factor and Cytokine Therapy; 5.3 Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Cell Therapy; 5.4 Adipose-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells or Regenerative Cells; 5.5 Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells: A New Paradigm
2.6.1 First Clinical Trial of Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Autologous BMMNCs2.6.2 Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Autologous BMMNCs-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 2.7 Persistence of the Effects Induced by Therapeutic Angiogenesis Treatment; 2.7.1 Drug Therapies Used in Combination with Revascularization Therapy; 2.8 Exercise Therapy for Ischemic Lower Limbs; 2.9 Points to Note for Cases with Frequent Cardiovascular Complications; 2.10 Indicators of Peripheral Blood Flow Improvement; 2.11 Issues in Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 2.12 Conclusion; References
Chapter 3: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Limb Ischemia3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Pro-angiogenic Properties of PB-MNCs; 3.3 Clinical Studies of Unselected PB-MNCs for Limb Ischemia; 3.4 Clinical Studies Comparing BM-MNCs with PB-MNCs for Limb Ischemia; 3.5 Clinical Studies of PB-MNCs for Limb Ischemia; 3.6 Mechanisms of PB-MNC-Induced Neovascularization; 3.7 Modifiers of Cell Therapy; 3.7.1 Influence of Systemic Conditions; 3.7.2 Mobilizers; 3.7.3 Genetic Engineering; 3.7.4 Hypoxic Preconditioning; 3.7.5 Ultrasound; 3.7.6 Cell Scaffolds and Biomaterials
3.8 Conclusion and Future DirectionsReferences; Chapter 4: Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Ischemic Diseases; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Biological Characteristics and Definition of EPCs; 4.2.1 Tissue EPCs vs. Circulating EPCs; 4.2.2 Hematopoietic EPCs vs. Non-hematopoietic EPCs; 4.2.3 Colony-Forming EPCs vs. Non-colony-Forming EPCs; 4.2.3.1 Colony-Forming EPCs; 4.2.3.2 Non-colony-Forming EPCs; 4.3 EPC Mobilization and Kinetics in Peripheral Blood; 4.4 Role of EPCs in Postnatal Neovascularization; 4.5 EPC-Based Therapeutic Angiogenesis; 4.5.1 EPC Transplantation in Experimental Animals
4.5.2 EPC Transplantation in Clinical Trials4.5.3 Problems in EPC Transplantation; 4.6 EPC as a Biomarker for Ischemic Diseases; 4.7 Future Strategy with EPC Transplantation; 4.8 Summary; References; Chapter 5: Therapeutic Angiogenesis with Adipose Tissue-Derived Regenerative Cells; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Growth Factor and Cytokine Therapy; 5.3 Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Cell Therapy; 5.4 Adipose-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells or Regenerative Cells; 5.5 Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells: A New Paradigm