Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1 Vortex Deformation Close to a Pinning Center ; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Experimental; 1.2.1 Distribution of Pinning Centers; References; 2 Pinning-Engineered YBa2Cu3Ox Thin Films; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Critical Current and Pinning Force in Pure YBa2Cu3Ox Thin Films; 2.3 Critical Current and Pinning Force in YBa2Cu3Ox Thin Films with Artificial Pinning Centers (APCs); 2.3.1 Zero-Dimensional APCs (0D-APCs) ; 2.3.2 One-Dimensional APCs (1D-APCs); 2.3.2.1 Columnar Defects by Neutron and Ion Irradiation

2.3.2.2 Linear APCs in YBCO Films Deposited on Decorated Substrates and on Functional Buffers2.3.2.3 Oxide Nanocolumns Embedded in Superconducting Films; BaZrO3 (BZO) Nanocolumns; BaSnO3 (BSO) Nanocolumns; BaHfO3 (BHO) Nanocolumns; Other Oxide Nanocolumns; 2.3.3 Two-Dimensional APCs (2D-APCs); 2.3.3.1 Nanolayers as 2D-APCs; 2.3.3.2 Grain Boundaries as 2D-APCs; 2.3.4 Three-Dimensional APCs (3D-APCs); 2.3.5 Segmented 1D-APCs; 2.3.6 Combined One-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional (1D+3D) APCs; 2.3.6.1 Hybrid YBCO Films with Mixed 1D+3D-APCs

2.3.6.2 Multilayers with Alternate YBCO+1D-APCs and YBCO+3D-APCs Layers2.3.7 Combination of APCs Parallel (Nanorods) and Perpendicular (Nanolayers) to C-axis of YBCO Film; 2.4 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Chemically and Mechanically Engineered Flux Pinning for Enhanced Electromagnetic Properties of MgB2; 3.1 Impurities as Flux Pinning Centers; 3.1.1 Introduction; 3.1.2 Oxide Phases in Undoped MgB2 Bulks; 3.1.2.1 Sources of Oxidation; 3.1.2.2 Types of MgB2 Samples; 3.1.3 Oxides Doping; 3.1.3.1 Graphene Oxide; 3.1.3.2 Rare Earth Oxides; 3.1.3.3 Other Oxide Dopants

3.1.3.4 Samples Prepared Using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)3.1.3.5 Samples Prepared Using Mechanical Alloying and Hot Pressing; 3.1.3.6 Co-additions; 3.2 Carbon Impurity Doping; 3.2.1 Why Carbon Doping?; 3.2.2 Carbon Doping Effect; 3.2.3 Carbon Doping Methodology; 3.3 Ball Milling; 3.3.1 Introduction; 3.3.2 Ex Situ Processed Materials; 3.3.3 In Situ Processed Materials; 3.3.4 Mechanical Alloying; 3.3.5 Mechanical Alloying with Dopants; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgements; References; 4 Critical Current Anisotropy in Relation to the Pinning Landscape; 4.1 Introduction

4.2 Mass Anisotropy Scaling4.2.1 Theory; 4.2.2 {\bi J}_{{\bi c}} ( {{\bi h}\left({\varvec \theta}\right)} ) Scaling of YBCO; 4.2.3 {\bi J}_{{\bi c}} ( {{\bi h}\left({\varvec \theta}\right)} ) Scaling of BSCCO; 4.2.4 {\bi F}_{{\bi p}} ( {{\bi h}\left({\varvec \theta}\right)} ) Scaling of Ba-122; 4.3 Models of Pinning and Field Angle-Dependent Currents; 4.3.1 The Tachiki and Takahashi Model; 4.3.2 Models with Anisotropic Vortices; 4.4 The Vortex Path Model or Maximum Entropy Modeling; 4.5 Conclusions; References; 5 Vortex Avalanches in Superconductors Visualized by Magneto-Optical Imaging