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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements; Contents; Symbols, Abbreviations and Acronyms; List of Figures; List of Tables; Abstract and Aims; 1 Introduction; 2 District Heating and Cogeneration in the EU-28: Current Situation, Potential and Proposed Energy Strategy for Its Generalisation; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Materials and Methods; 2.3 Theoretical Background; 2.4 Results; 2.5 Discussion; 2.6 Conclusions; References; 3 Cogeneration and District Heating Networks: Measures to Remove Institutional and Financial Barriers that Restrict Their Joint Use in the EU-28; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Methods
3.3 Institutional and Financial Barriers Identified3.3.1 Distinctive Competence and Business Model Effect; 3.3.2 Fuel and Electricity Price Volatility; 3.3.3 Other Reasons; 3.4 Measures Aimed at Eliminating Existing Institutional and Financial Barriers; 3.5 Discussion; 3.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications; References; 4 Reconciliation of Social Discount Rate and Private Finance Initiative: Application to District Heating Networks in the EU-28; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Theoretical Background; 4.2.1 Cost Benefit Analysis; 4.2.2 Net Present Value Method
4.2.3 Social Versus Private Discount Rates4.3 Proposed Measures; 4.4 Role of Government in the Selection of the SDR; 4.5 Conclusions; References; 5 Evaluation of the Cost of Using Power Plant Reject Heat in Low-Temperature District Heating and Cooling Networks; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Materials and Methods; 5.2.1 Annual Costs; 5.2.1.1 Annualised Capital Costs; 5.2.1.2 Fixed Running and Preservation Expenses; 5.2.1.3 Variable Running and Preservation Expenses; 5.2.1.4 Combustible Expenses; 5.2.1.5 Revenues Resulting from the Sale of Power; 5.2.2 Conversion and Emission Factors; 5.3 Calculation
5.3.1 Power Plants and District Heating and Cooling Networks5.3.2 Demand; 5.4 Results; 5.4.1 Oldenburg-Wilhelmshaven; 5.4.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.4.2 Bristol; 5.4.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.4.3 Cartagena; 5.4.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.5 Discussion; 5.6 Conclusions; References; Appendix A: Sankey Diagram with the EU Energy Balance for 2012; Appendix B: Historical of District Heating Prices, Market Share; Appendix C: Large Scale Heat Transport Technology; Appendix D: Heat Distribution in Modern District Heating Systems
Appendix E: Thermal Storage in Accumulators for District Heating SystemsAppendix F: District Cooling Systems; Appendix G: Fuel Used Invariability and Efficiency; Appendix H: Cogeneration, District Heating Networks and Smart Cities: The Case of Copenhagen; Appendix I: Extra Information About Extraction-condensing and Backpressure Turbines; Appendix J: Comparison of Heat Accumulator Storage for Different District Heating Systems; Appendix K: Supporting Data for "Final Results" Tables (Tables 5.9-5.14); References; Bibliography
3.3 Institutional and Financial Barriers Identified3.3.1 Distinctive Competence and Business Model Effect; 3.3.2 Fuel and Electricity Price Volatility; 3.3.3 Other Reasons; 3.4 Measures Aimed at Eliminating Existing Institutional and Financial Barriers; 3.5 Discussion; 3.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications; References; 4 Reconciliation of Social Discount Rate and Private Finance Initiative: Application to District Heating Networks in the EU-28; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Theoretical Background; 4.2.1 Cost Benefit Analysis; 4.2.2 Net Present Value Method
4.2.3 Social Versus Private Discount Rates4.3 Proposed Measures; 4.4 Role of Government in the Selection of the SDR; 4.5 Conclusions; References; 5 Evaluation of the Cost of Using Power Plant Reject Heat in Low-Temperature District Heating and Cooling Networks; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Materials and Methods; 5.2.1 Annual Costs; 5.2.1.1 Annualised Capital Costs; 5.2.1.2 Fixed Running and Preservation Expenses; 5.2.1.3 Variable Running and Preservation Expenses; 5.2.1.4 Combustible Expenses; 5.2.1.5 Revenues Resulting from the Sale of Power; 5.2.2 Conversion and Emission Factors; 5.3 Calculation
5.3.1 Power Plants and District Heating and Cooling Networks5.3.2 Demand; 5.4 Results; 5.4.1 Oldenburg-Wilhelmshaven; 5.4.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.4.2 Bristol; 5.4.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.4.3 Cartagena; 5.4.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.5 Discussion; 5.6 Conclusions; References; Appendix A: Sankey Diagram with the EU Energy Balance for 2012; Appendix B: Historical of District Heating Prices, Market Share; Appendix C: Large Scale Heat Transport Technology; Appendix D: Heat Distribution in Modern District Heating Systems
Appendix E: Thermal Storage in Accumulators for District Heating SystemsAppendix F: District Cooling Systems; Appendix G: Fuel Used Invariability and Efficiency; Appendix H: Cogeneration, District Heating Networks and Smart Cities: The Case of Copenhagen; Appendix I: Extra Information About Extraction-condensing and Backpressure Turbines; Appendix J: Comparison of Heat Accumulator Storage for Different District Heating Systems; Appendix K: Supporting Data for "Final Results" Tables (Tables 5.9-5.14); References; Bibliography