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Preface; References; Contents; Contributors; I: Introduction; 1: The History of Cardiac Surgery; 1.1 From the Beginning; 1.2 Operations on the Pericardium; 1.3 Trendelenburg's Pulmonary Thromboembolectomy; 1.4 Resection of a Right Ventricular Aneurysm by Sauerbruch (1931); 1.5 The First Successful Ligatures of a Patent Arterial Duct by Robert Edward Gross (1905-1988) in the United States and by Emil Karl Frey (1888-1977) in Germany; 1.6 Blocked Developments and Missed Opportunities; 1.6.1 Endotracheal Intubation; 1.6.2 Cardiac Catheterization
1.6.3 Decline of German Surgery Pre-World War II1.7 Heart Valve Surgery in the Time Before Extracorporeal Circulation; 1.8 History of Extracorporeal Circulation; 1.9 Development of Heart Valve Surgery in the Era of Extracorporeal Circulation; 1.10 Development of Coronary Surgery; 1.11 Pacemaker, Defibrillators, and Arrhythmia Surgery; 1.12 Thoracic Organ Transplantations; 1.13 Circulatory Assist Devices; 1.14 The History of (Thoracic) Aortic Surgery; References; 2: Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery; 2.1 What Is a Score?; 2.2 Prominent Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery
2.2.1 Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score2.2.2 EuroSCORE; 2.2.3 German Quality Assurance: Aortic Valve Replacement and Coronary Artery Bypass Scores (KCH-SCORE 3.0); 2.2.4 Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery, 1st Version (RACHS-1); 2.2.5 The Aristotle Score; 2.2.6 The STS-EACTS Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Score (STAT Mortality Score); 2.3 Appropriate Use of Risk Scores; 2.3.1 Comparison of Therapy; 2.3.2 Quality Monitoring; 2.3.3 Inadequate Score; 2.3.4 Manipulation; 2.3.5 Usefulness
2.3.6 External (Third Party) Versus Internal (Within Medical Associations) Quality Assurance2.3.7 Publication; 2.4 Summary; References; Internet Sites; 3: Principles of Quality Assurance and Risk Management Risk; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Fundamentals of Quality Assurance; 3.2.1 Quality Assurance as an Essential Part of Quality Management; 3.2.2 Excursus into Quality Management; 3.2.2.1 Quality Management Models in the Hospital; 3.2.2.2 DIN EN ISO 9001:2000; 3.2.2.3 Cooperation for Transparency and Quality in the Hospital (CTQ) and proCum Cert
3.2.2.4 European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM)3.2.2.5 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO); 3.3 External Quality Assurance; 3.4 Internal Quality Assurance; 3.5 Measurability of Quality Assurance; 3.5.1 Markers of Therapeutic Success: Postoperative Mortality and Complication Rate; 3.5.2 Markers of Therapeutic Success: Number of Reoperations; 3.5.3 Markers of Therapeutic Success: Operating Time and Operating Costs; 3.6 Evaluation of Internal Quality Assurance Data; 3.7 Risk Management; 3.7.1 Fundamentals of Risk Management
1.6.3 Decline of German Surgery Pre-World War II1.7 Heart Valve Surgery in the Time Before Extracorporeal Circulation; 1.8 History of Extracorporeal Circulation; 1.9 Development of Heart Valve Surgery in the Era of Extracorporeal Circulation; 1.10 Development of Coronary Surgery; 1.11 Pacemaker, Defibrillators, and Arrhythmia Surgery; 1.12 Thoracic Organ Transplantations; 1.13 Circulatory Assist Devices; 1.14 The History of (Thoracic) Aortic Surgery; References; 2: Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery; 2.1 What Is a Score?; 2.2 Prominent Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery
2.2.1 Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score2.2.2 EuroSCORE; 2.2.3 German Quality Assurance: Aortic Valve Replacement and Coronary Artery Bypass Scores (KCH-SCORE 3.0); 2.2.4 Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery, 1st Version (RACHS-1); 2.2.5 The Aristotle Score; 2.2.6 The STS-EACTS Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Score (STAT Mortality Score); 2.3 Appropriate Use of Risk Scores; 2.3.1 Comparison of Therapy; 2.3.2 Quality Monitoring; 2.3.3 Inadequate Score; 2.3.4 Manipulation; 2.3.5 Usefulness
2.3.6 External (Third Party) Versus Internal (Within Medical Associations) Quality Assurance2.3.7 Publication; 2.4 Summary; References; Internet Sites; 3: Principles of Quality Assurance and Risk Management Risk; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Fundamentals of Quality Assurance; 3.2.1 Quality Assurance as an Essential Part of Quality Management; 3.2.2 Excursus into Quality Management; 3.2.2.1 Quality Management Models in the Hospital; 3.2.2.2 DIN EN ISO 9001:2000; 3.2.2.3 Cooperation for Transparency and Quality in the Hospital (CTQ) and proCum Cert
3.2.2.4 European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM)3.2.2.5 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO); 3.3 External Quality Assurance; 3.4 Internal Quality Assurance; 3.5 Measurability of Quality Assurance; 3.5.1 Markers of Therapeutic Success: Postoperative Mortality and Complication Rate; 3.5.2 Markers of Therapeutic Success: Number of Reoperations; 3.5.3 Markers of Therapeutic Success: Operating Time and Operating Costs; 3.6 Evaluation of Internal Quality Assurance Data; 3.7 Risk Management; 3.7.1 Fundamentals of Risk Management