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Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Abbreviations; 1: Biological Background of Testicular Autoimmunity; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Developmental Phase Differences Between Reproductive and Lymphoid Organs; 1.3 Evolution of the Reproductive and Immune Systems; 1.4 Offensive Attack on Germ Cells by Acquired (Adoptive) Immunity; 1.5 Harsh Immunological Fate of Male Haploid Germ Cells (Spermatids/Spermatozoa); 1.6 Endocrinological Relation Between the Testicular and Immune Functions; References; 2: Microcircumstance for Induction and Prevention of Testicular Autoimmunity; 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Autoimmunogenicity of Spermatids and Spermatozoa2.3 Protection of Autoimmunogenic Spermatids and Spermatozoa by the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB); 2.4 Protection of Autoimmunogenic Spermatids and Spermatozoa by Various Local Elements Other Than the BTB; 2.5 Cell Populations Involved in the Testicular Immunoregulation; 2.5.1 Sertoli Cells; 2.5.2 Leydig Cells; 2.5.3 Testicular Leukocytes; 2.5.3.1 Macrophages; 2.5.3.2 Dendritic Cells; 2.5.3.3 Lymphocytes; 2.5.3.4 Other Leukocyte Populations; 2.5.4 Peritubular Myoid Cells and Basal Lamina; 2.5.5 Blood Capillary Endothelium
2.5.6 Lymphatic Capillary Endothelium2.5.7 Testicular Germ Cells (TGC); 2.5.8 Seminal Plasma; 2.6 Resistance to Inflammatory Cell Responses of Various Types in the Testis; 2.6.1 Resistance to Rejection of Allografts in the Testis; 2.6.2 Spontaneous Occurrence of Vasculitis-Like Lesions in the Male Reproductive System; 2.6.3 Spermatic Granulomata by Local Trauma; 2.6.4 Spermatic Granulomata by Testosterone Treatment; 2.6.5 Reproductive Inflammation by Estrogen Treatment; 2.6.6 Reproductive Inflammation by Intravenous Administration of Bordetella pertussis (BP)
2.6.7 Spontaneous Infiltration of Eosinophils and Macrophages in Reproductive Tissues of Congenitally Lymph Node-Lacked Mice2.6.8 Multiple Organ-Localized Autoimmunity; 2.6.9 Resistance to Rejection of Transplanted Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Testis; 2.6.10 Successful Transplantation of Allografts and Xenografts by Co-transplantation with Sertoli Cells; 2.6.11 Successful Transplantation of Xenogeneic Spermatogenesis into the Recipient Testis; 2.6.12 Immune Tolerance Induced by Intratesticular Antigen Priming; 2.7 Five-Phased Immunoregulatory Barriers in the Testis
2.8 Immunological Fragility of the Testicular Microcircumstance2.8.1 Regional Differences in the Integrity of the Immunological Shield by the BTB; 2.8.2 Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in the Testis Under Normal Condition; 2.8.3 Specific Localization of Immune Cells in the Testis Under Normal Condition; 2.8.4 Infiltration of Macrophages into the Testis in Secondary Biliary Cholestasis; 2.8.5 Mononuclear Cell Responses to Primary Testicular Cancer; 2.8.6 Frequent Involvement of Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Testis; 2.8.7 Natural Autoantibodies to Testicular Antigens
2.2 Autoimmunogenicity of Spermatids and Spermatozoa2.3 Protection of Autoimmunogenic Spermatids and Spermatozoa by the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB); 2.4 Protection of Autoimmunogenic Spermatids and Spermatozoa by Various Local Elements Other Than the BTB; 2.5 Cell Populations Involved in the Testicular Immunoregulation; 2.5.1 Sertoli Cells; 2.5.2 Leydig Cells; 2.5.3 Testicular Leukocytes; 2.5.3.1 Macrophages; 2.5.3.2 Dendritic Cells; 2.5.3.3 Lymphocytes; 2.5.3.4 Other Leukocyte Populations; 2.5.4 Peritubular Myoid Cells and Basal Lamina; 2.5.5 Blood Capillary Endothelium
2.5.6 Lymphatic Capillary Endothelium2.5.7 Testicular Germ Cells (TGC); 2.5.8 Seminal Plasma; 2.6 Resistance to Inflammatory Cell Responses of Various Types in the Testis; 2.6.1 Resistance to Rejection of Allografts in the Testis; 2.6.2 Spontaneous Occurrence of Vasculitis-Like Lesions in the Male Reproductive System; 2.6.3 Spermatic Granulomata by Local Trauma; 2.6.4 Spermatic Granulomata by Testosterone Treatment; 2.6.5 Reproductive Inflammation by Estrogen Treatment; 2.6.6 Reproductive Inflammation by Intravenous Administration of Bordetella pertussis (BP)
2.6.7 Spontaneous Infiltration of Eosinophils and Macrophages in Reproductive Tissues of Congenitally Lymph Node-Lacked Mice2.6.8 Multiple Organ-Localized Autoimmunity; 2.6.9 Resistance to Rejection of Transplanted Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Testis; 2.6.10 Successful Transplantation of Allografts and Xenografts by Co-transplantation with Sertoli Cells; 2.6.11 Successful Transplantation of Xenogeneic Spermatogenesis into the Recipient Testis; 2.6.12 Immune Tolerance Induced by Intratesticular Antigen Priming; 2.7 Five-Phased Immunoregulatory Barriers in the Testis
2.8 Immunological Fragility of the Testicular Microcircumstance2.8.1 Regional Differences in the Integrity of the Immunological Shield by the BTB; 2.8.2 Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in the Testis Under Normal Condition; 2.8.3 Specific Localization of Immune Cells in the Testis Under Normal Condition; 2.8.4 Infiltration of Macrophages into the Testis in Secondary Biliary Cholestasis; 2.8.5 Mononuclear Cell Responses to Primary Testicular Cancer; 2.8.6 Frequent Involvement of Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Testis; 2.8.7 Natural Autoantibodies to Testicular Antigens