Foreword; Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: organic semiconductor devices augmented by ions; Preface; Contents; Introduction to the Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell Technology; 1 Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Mechanisms and Formal Description; Abstract; 1.1 Purpose and Aims; 1.2 Overview; 1.2.1 Background; 1.2.2 Figures of Merit and Device Architectures; 1.2.3 Suggested Operational Mechanisms for LECs; 1.2.3.1 Electrochemical Doping Model (ECDM); 1.2.3.2 Electrodynamic Model (EDM); 1.2.3.3 Preferential Electrochemical Doping Model (PECDM)

1.2.4 Current Understanding of Operational Mechanism of LECs1.2.5 Basic Equations to Describe LEC Operation; 1.2.5.1 Drift and Diffusion for Ionic and Electronic Charges; 1.2.5.2 Poisson's Equation; 1.2.5.3 Binding Energy for Anion/Cation and Ion/Electronic Charge Pairs; 1.2.5.4 Electron-Hole Recombination; 1.2.5.5 Continuity Equations; 1.2.5.6 Boundary Conditions; 1.3 Transient Phenomena; 1.3.1 Turn-on and the Role of Ion Motion; 1.3.1.1 Studies in Planar LECs; 1.3.1.2 Studies in Stacked LECs; 1.3.2 Polarization Reversal and Hysteresis

1.3.3 Degradation, Side Reactions, and Electrochemical Stability1.4 Steady-State Phenomena; 1.4.1 Potential and Ion Distribution; 1.4.1.1 EDM; 1.4.1.2 ECDM; 1.4.1.3 PECDM; 1.4.2 Position and Width of the Recombination Zone; 1.4.2.1 Studies in Planar LECs; 1.4.2.2 Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy; 1.4.2.3 Studies in Stacked LECs; 1.4.3 Current-Voltage Characteristic; 1.4.4 Luminescence Quenching and Reabsorption; 1.4.5 Color Tuning and Cavity Effects; 1.4.6 Efficiency: Values and Limits; 1.5 Conclusion and Outlook; References; Definition and Role of the Ionic Additives

2 Optical-Beam-Induced-Current Imaging of Planar Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical CellsAbstract; 2.1 Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells; 2.1.1 Background; 2.1.2 Frozen-Junction LECs; 2.1.3 Extremely Large Planar LECs; 2.2 Scanning Optical Imaging of Planar LECs; 2.2.1 The Optical-Beam-Induced Current (OBIC) Technique; 2.2.2 OBIC Scanning of Planar LECs with a Micromanipulated Cryogenic Probe Station; 2.2.3 Concerted OBIC and Scanning PL Imaging of Planar LECs with a Fluorescence Microscope; 2.3 OBIC and Scanning PL Probing of a Frozen Planar p-i-n Junction; 2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Experimental Details2.3.3 Resolving the Depletion Width of a Planar p-i-n Junction; 2.4 High-Resolution OBIC and Scanning PL Imaging of a Frozen Planar Polymer p-n Junction; 2.4.1 Introduction; 2.4.2 Experimental Details; 2.4.3 Results and Discussion; 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Optical Engineering of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Including Microcavity Effect and Outcoupling Extraction Technologies; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Microcavity Effect in Organic Thin-Film Devices; 3.1.2 Optical Modes in Organic Thin-Film Devices