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Preface; Contents; List of Contributors; 1: In Memoriam: Jørgen Rygaard (1934-2016), Father of Patient-Derived Mouse Models of Cancer and Modern Cancer Research; Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenografts (PDOX); Transgenic Nude Mice Expressing Fluorescent Proteins in Almost All Tissues; References; 2: The Revival of Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Models of Cancer: Way Back to the Future; References; 3: Patient-Derived Xenograft Models for Human Cancer: The Freiburg Experience; Historical Aspects of PDX; Origin and Properties of Nude Mouse; Morphologic and Physiologic Characteristics
Immunological Properties Early Freiburg Experience in the Establishment, Characterization, and Therapeutic Use of PDX from 1978 Until 1988; Take Rate, Growth Behavior, and Drug Response from 1979 Until 1988; PDX Take/Growth as a Prognostic Factor for Survival of Cancer Patients; PDX Regrowth After Being Frozen in Liquid Nitrogen; Similarities and Changes of PDX Compared to the Donor Tumor; Tumor Models Available in 1991; Comparison of Drug Response of the Tumor Growing in the Nude Mouse and in the Patient; Experimental Design of Testing; Chemotherapy
Evaluation Parameters for Tumor Response Comparison of Tumor Response; Potential of the Nude Mouse System as a Predictive Assay; Tumor Clonogenic Assay as a 3D Culture System to Preselect Sensitive Models; PDX as a Valuable Model System for Tumor Biology Studies; Combined In Vitro and In Vivo Testing Procedure; In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anticancer Agents from a German Drug Development Program, the EORTC and the NCI; The Concept of Preclinical In Vivo Phase II Studies; Molecular Characterization of the PDX Panel
Bevacizumab as an Example of the Development of a Predictive Gene Signature PDX for the Identification of Targeted Therapy, Example: B-raf- Inhibitor Vemurafenib; Outlook; PDX for Anticancer Drug Development; PDX for Patient-Oriented Sensitivity Testing; Summary; References; 4: From Ectopic to Orthotopic Tumor Grafting Sites: Evidence for a Critical Role of the Host Tissue Microenvironment for the Actual Expression of the Malignant Phenotype; An Historical Account; The Popular Subcutaneous Route; The Orthos Way; Comments in Conclusion; References
5: The Effects of the Organ Microenvironment on Metastatic Cell Gene Signatures Introduction; Process of Metastasis; Cross-Species Hybridization of Microarrays for Studies of Metastasis; Experimental Approach; Cancer Type-Specific Gene Signatures; Organ Type-Specific Gene Signatures: Effects of the Organ Microenvironment on Cancer Cell Gene Signatures; Organ and Cancer Type-Specific Gene Signatures; Additional Studies; References; 6: Techniques for Surgical Orthotopic Implantation of Human Tumors to Immunodeficient Mice; Introduction; Early Nude-Mouse Models of Human Cancer; Surgical Orthotopic Implantation (SOI) of Tumor Fragments.
Immunological Properties Early Freiburg Experience in the Establishment, Characterization, and Therapeutic Use of PDX from 1978 Until 1988; Take Rate, Growth Behavior, and Drug Response from 1979 Until 1988; PDX Take/Growth as a Prognostic Factor for Survival of Cancer Patients; PDX Regrowth After Being Frozen in Liquid Nitrogen; Similarities and Changes of PDX Compared to the Donor Tumor; Tumor Models Available in 1991; Comparison of Drug Response of the Tumor Growing in the Nude Mouse and in the Patient; Experimental Design of Testing; Chemotherapy
Evaluation Parameters for Tumor Response Comparison of Tumor Response; Potential of the Nude Mouse System as a Predictive Assay; Tumor Clonogenic Assay as a 3D Culture System to Preselect Sensitive Models; PDX as a Valuable Model System for Tumor Biology Studies; Combined In Vitro and In Vivo Testing Procedure; In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anticancer Agents from a German Drug Development Program, the EORTC and the NCI; The Concept of Preclinical In Vivo Phase II Studies; Molecular Characterization of the PDX Panel
Bevacizumab as an Example of the Development of a Predictive Gene Signature PDX for the Identification of Targeted Therapy, Example: B-raf- Inhibitor Vemurafenib; Outlook; PDX for Anticancer Drug Development; PDX for Patient-Oriented Sensitivity Testing; Summary; References; 4: From Ectopic to Orthotopic Tumor Grafting Sites: Evidence for a Critical Role of the Host Tissue Microenvironment for the Actual Expression of the Malignant Phenotype; An Historical Account; The Popular Subcutaneous Route; The Orthos Way; Comments in Conclusion; References
5: The Effects of the Organ Microenvironment on Metastatic Cell Gene Signatures Introduction; Process of Metastasis; Cross-Species Hybridization of Microarrays for Studies of Metastasis; Experimental Approach; Cancer Type-Specific Gene Signatures; Organ Type-Specific Gene Signatures: Effects of the Organ Microenvironment on Cancer Cell Gene Signatures; Organ and Cancer Type-Specific Gene Signatures; Additional Studies; References; 6: Techniques for Surgical Orthotopic Implantation of Human Tumors to Immunodeficient Mice; Introduction; Early Nude-Mouse Models of Human Cancer; Surgical Orthotopic Implantation (SOI) of Tumor Fragments.