Foreword; Acknowledgements; Editorial Introduction: The Proliferation of NPS as a `Game Changer ́for Public Health Policy; Contents; List of Contributors; The Global Emergence of NPS: An Analysis of a New Drug Trend; 1 Introduction: NPS Continue to Emerge on the Market at a Fast Pace; 2 Main Features and Trends of the NPS Problem: Global Perspective; 2.1 NPS: Stability and Change; 2.2 NPS Sold as Traditional Drugs; 2.3 NPS Products with Diverse Compositions; 3 Global NPS Use Trends; 3.1 Injecting Use of NPS; 4 Measures Taken to Address NPS and Remaining Challenges

4.1 Detection and Identification of NPS4.2 Monitoring and Early Warning Systems; 4.3 Legislative Responses; The International Drug Control System; National Legislative Responses; 4.4 Risk Communication and Demand Reduction; 4.5 Data Challenges; 5 Conclusions; References; Legislating NPS in the European Union; 1 Introduction; 2 European Early Warning System; 3 Current Legal Situation; 4 Council Decision 2005/387/JHA; 5 Framework Decision 2004/757/JHA; 6 Conclusions; References; Regulation as Global Drug Governance: How New Is the NPS Phenomenon?; 1 Introduction

2 The Global Governance of Drugs 1909-20173 The Logic and History of Scheduling; 4 The Global Scheduling System; 4.1 Scheduling Under the Single Convention; Schedule I; Schedule II; Schedule III; Schedule IV; Current Mechanisms for Scheduling; 5 A Different Regime: The 1971 Vienna Convention; 5.1 Changes in the Scope of Control of Substances; 5.2 The Criteria for Control: Art. 2, Para. 4; 5.3 The Schedules Under the Vienna Convention; 5.4 The Role of International Control; 6 The 1988 Convention; 7 Examining the Global Regulatory System as a Response to NPS; 8 Conclusions; References

Anti-doping Challenges with Novel Psychoactive Substances in Sport1 Introduction; 2 Categories of Psychoactive Drugs Prohibited in Sport; 2.1 Stimulants; 2.2 Narcotics/Opioids; 2.3 Cannabinoids; 2.4 Other Prohibited Substances in Sport with Psychoactive Activity; 3 Psychoactive Drugs Not Prohibited in Sport; 4 Identification of NPS; 4.1 Challenges; 4.2 Analytical Identification; 4.3 Investigations; Direct Investigations; Collaboration with Law Enforcement Authorities; 5 Networking; 5.1 Collaboration with Public and Academic Drug Control and Addiction Organizations

5.2 Collaboration with Pharmaceutical Industry5.3 Collaboration with Governments; 6 Conclusions; References; Exploring Innovative Policy Responses to NPS and `Legal Highs ́in New Zealand, Poland, Republic of Ireland and the UK; 1 Introduction; 2 NPS in the Republic of Ireland; 2.1 The Irish Psychoactive Substances Act 2010; 2.2 Impact of the New Legislation; 3 NPS in Poland; 3.1 Legislative Responses; 3.2 Poisonings Caused by NPS; 4 NPS in the UK; 4.1 The UK Psychoactive Substances Bill 2016; 5 NPS in New Zealand; 5.1 The Psychoactive Substances Act 2013