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Foreword; Preface; Contents; Part I: Imaging Modality and Technique Pitfalls Related to the Musculoskeletal System; 1: Radiography Limitations and Pitfalls; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Pitfalls Related to Radiographic Image Acquisition; 1.2.1 Adequacy of Coverage and Views; 1.2.2 Radiographic Technique and Positioning; 1.2.3 Radiographic Artifacts; 1.3 Limitations of Radiographic Imaging of Non-osseous Structures; 1.3.1 Intra- and Periarticular Structures; 1.3.1.1 Articular Cartilage; 1.3.1.2 Synovium and Joint Fluid; 1.3.1.3 Ligaments, Tendons, and Other Fibrocartilaginous Structures
1.3.2 Other Soft Tissues and Foreign Bodies1.4 Radiographically Occult Osseous Abnormalities; 1.4.1 Destructive Osseous Lesions; 1.4.2 Trauma-Related Osseous Injuries; 1.4.2.1 Undisplaced Fractures; 1.4.2.2 Stress Injuries; 1.4.3 Osteoporosis; References; 2: Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Ultrasound Imaging; 2.2.1 Equipment; 2.2.2 Physics; 2.2.3 Doppler US; 2.2.4 Normal Structures; 2.3 Gray-Scale Artifacts; 2.3.1 Beam Characteristics; 2.3.2 Velocity Errors; 2.3.3 Attenuation Errors; 2.3.4 Multiple Echoes; 2.4 Color and Power Doppler Artifacts
3.5.2 Patient Positioning3.5.3 Contrast-Related Artifacts; 3.6 Dual-Energy CT Scanner Artifacts; 3.6.1 Benefits of Dual-Energy CT; 3.6.2 Pitfalls of Dual-Energy CT; 3.7 Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT Artifacts; 3.7.1 Benefits of Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT; 3.7.2 Pitfalls of Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT; 3.8 Dynamic Four-Dimensional Musculoskeletal CT Artifacts; References; 4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 MRI Artifacts; 4.2.1 Motion; 4.2.2 Susceptibility and Artifacts Related to Orthopedic Hardware; 4.2.3 Chemical Shift
4.2.4 Magic Angle Phenomenon4.2.5 Protocol Errors; 4.2.5.1 Partial Volume Averaging; 4.2.5.2 Radiofrequency Interference; 4.2.5.3 Saturation; 4.2.5.4 Shading; 4.2.5.5 Truncation; 4.2.5.6 Wraparound; 4.3 Technical Pros and Cons; 4.3.1 Fat-Suppression Techniques; 4.3.2 Isotropic Imaging; References; 5: Nuclear Medicine Imaging Artifacts; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Types of Artifacts; 5.2.1 Radiopharmaceutical Related; 5.2.1.1 Preparation and Formulation; 5.2.1.2 Administration Techniques and Procedures; 5.2.1.3 Pathophysiological and Biochemical Changes; 5.2.1.4 Medical Procedures
1.3.2 Other Soft Tissues and Foreign Bodies1.4 Radiographically Occult Osseous Abnormalities; 1.4.1 Destructive Osseous Lesions; 1.4.2 Trauma-Related Osseous Injuries; 1.4.2.1 Undisplaced Fractures; 1.4.2.2 Stress Injuries; 1.4.3 Osteoporosis; References; 2: Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Ultrasound Imaging; 2.2.1 Equipment; 2.2.2 Physics; 2.2.3 Doppler US; 2.2.4 Normal Structures; 2.3 Gray-Scale Artifacts; 2.3.1 Beam Characteristics; 2.3.2 Velocity Errors; 2.3.3 Attenuation Errors; 2.3.4 Multiple Echoes; 2.4 Color and Power Doppler Artifacts
3.5.2 Patient Positioning3.5.3 Contrast-Related Artifacts; 3.6 Dual-Energy CT Scanner Artifacts; 3.6.1 Benefits of Dual-Energy CT; 3.6.2 Pitfalls of Dual-Energy CT; 3.7 Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT Artifacts; 3.7.1 Benefits of Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT; 3.7.2 Pitfalls of Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT; 3.8 Dynamic Four-Dimensional Musculoskeletal CT Artifacts; References; 4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 MRI Artifacts; 4.2.1 Motion; 4.2.2 Susceptibility and Artifacts Related to Orthopedic Hardware; 4.2.3 Chemical Shift
4.2.4 Magic Angle Phenomenon4.2.5 Protocol Errors; 4.2.5.1 Partial Volume Averaging; 4.2.5.2 Radiofrequency Interference; 4.2.5.3 Saturation; 4.2.5.4 Shading; 4.2.5.5 Truncation; 4.2.5.6 Wraparound; 4.3 Technical Pros and Cons; 4.3.1 Fat-Suppression Techniques; 4.3.2 Isotropic Imaging; References; 5: Nuclear Medicine Imaging Artifacts; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Types of Artifacts; 5.2.1 Radiopharmaceutical Related; 5.2.1.1 Preparation and Formulation; 5.2.1.2 Administration Techniques and Procedures; 5.2.1.3 Pathophysiological and Biochemical Changes; 5.2.1.4 Medical Procedures