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Preface; New Directions in Substance Use-the Blurring of the Lines between Illicit and Therapeutic Drugs; Non-medical Use of Therapeutic Substances; New Ways of Approaching 'Illicit Drugs'; Future Directions; References; Contents; 447 Preclinical Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The Binding Profile of Antipsychotics; 3 Behavioural Test for the Therapeutic Effects of Antipsychotics; 4 Antipsychotic Drugs and Drug Discrimination; 5 Behavioural Tests for the Side Effect of Antipsychotics; References
421 Contribution of Impulsivity and Serotonin Receptor Neuroadaptations to the Development of an MDMA ('Ecstasy') Substance Use DisorderAbstract; References; 448 The Abuse Potential of Prescription Opioids in Humans-Closing in on the First Century of Research; Abstract; 1 Brief Historical View of Opioid Abuse Potential Evaluation; 2 Abuse Potential Evaluation: Methods; 3 Full Mu Opioid Agonists; 4 Mu Opioid Partial Agonists; 4.1 Buprenorphine: A Case Study; 5 Mixed Opioid Agonists/Antagonists; 6 Atypical Opioid Agonists; 6.1 Abuse-Deterrent Formulations (ADFs) and Abuse Potential Testing
7 SummaryReferences; 422 Over-the-Counter Codeine-from Therapeutic Use to Dependence, and the Grey Areas in Between; Abstract; 1 Codeine Pharmacology; 2 Codeine Availability; 3 Non-medical Use and Dependence; 4 Harms from High-Dose Consumption of Over-the-Counter Codeine; 4.1 Evidence for Effectiveness; 5 Responses to Problematic Over-the-Counter Codeine Use; 5.1 Increased Restrictions on Sales; 5.2 Harm Reduction; 5.3 Challenges for Pharmacists; 5.4 Screening and Brief Intervention; 5.5 Monitoring of Sales as Part of a Comprehensive Response; Funding Acknowledgement; References
470 Injection of Pharmaceuticals Designed for Oral Use: Harms Experienced and Effective Harm Reduction Through FiltrationAbstract; 1 Introduction: Illicit Injection of Pharmaceuticals; 2 Thrombosis and Inflammation; 3 Embolism and Ischaemia; 4 Injection Site and Blood Vessels; 5 Pulmonary System; 6 Infections; 7 Filtration as a Harm Reduction Measure; 8 General Filtering Study Methodology; 8.1 Survey of People Who Inject Drugs; 8.2 Drug Extraction and Filtration; 8.3 Analysis of Particle Content; 8.4 Analysis of Active Drug Content; 8.5 Drugs Examined; 8.6 Bacterial Suspension; 9 Results
9.1 Filtration Methods Used by PWID9.2 Particulate Contamination Following Filtration; 10 Summary and Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 426 Misuse of Methylphenidate; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); 1.2 Link Between ADHD Neurobiology, Medication Mechanism, and Abuse Potential; 1.3 Prevalence of ADHD Stimulant Medication Misuse; 2 Methylphenidate Misuse; 2.1 Methylphenidate Abuse Liability; 2.2 Methylphenidate Diversion and Misuse; 2.3 Methylphenidate Misuse Safety Concerns; 3 Discussion; 3.1 Malingering
421 Contribution of Impulsivity and Serotonin Receptor Neuroadaptations to the Development of an MDMA ('Ecstasy') Substance Use DisorderAbstract; References; 448 The Abuse Potential of Prescription Opioids in Humans-Closing in on the First Century of Research; Abstract; 1 Brief Historical View of Opioid Abuse Potential Evaluation; 2 Abuse Potential Evaluation: Methods; 3 Full Mu Opioid Agonists; 4 Mu Opioid Partial Agonists; 4.1 Buprenorphine: A Case Study; 5 Mixed Opioid Agonists/Antagonists; 6 Atypical Opioid Agonists; 6.1 Abuse-Deterrent Formulations (ADFs) and Abuse Potential Testing
7 SummaryReferences; 422 Over-the-Counter Codeine-from Therapeutic Use to Dependence, and the Grey Areas in Between; Abstract; 1 Codeine Pharmacology; 2 Codeine Availability; 3 Non-medical Use and Dependence; 4 Harms from High-Dose Consumption of Over-the-Counter Codeine; 4.1 Evidence for Effectiveness; 5 Responses to Problematic Over-the-Counter Codeine Use; 5.1 Increased Restrictions on Sales; 5.2 Harm Reduction; 5.3 Challenges for Pharmacists; 5.4 Screening and Brief Intervention; 5.5 Monitoring of Sales as Part of a Comprehensive Response; Funding Acknowledgement; References
470 Injection of Pharmaceuticals Designed for Oral Use: Harms Experienced and Effective Harm Reduction Through FiltrationAbstract; 1 Introduction: Illicit Injection of Pharmaceuticals; 2 Thrombosis and Inflammation; 3 Embolism and Ischaemia; 4 Injection Site and Blood Vessels; 5 Pulmonary System; 6 Infections; 7 Filtration as a Harm Reduction Measure; 8 General Filtering Study Methodology; 8.1 Survey of People Who Inject Drugs; 8.2 Drug Extraction and Filtration; 8.3 Analysis of Particle Content; 8.4 Analysis of Active Drug Content; 8.5 Drugs Examined; 8.6 Bacterial Suspension; 9 Results
9.1 Filtration Methods Used by PWID9.2 Particulate Contamination Following Filtration; 10 Summary and Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 426 Misuse of Methylphenidate; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); 1.2 Link Between ADHD Neurobiology, Medication Mechanism, and Abuse Potential; 1.3 Prevalence of ADHD Stimulant Medication Misuse; 2 Methylphenidate Misuse; 2.1 Methylphenidate Abuse Liability; 2.2 Methylphenidate Diversion and Misuse; 2.3 Methylphenidate Misuse Safety Concerns; 3 Discussion; 3.1 Malingering