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Acknowledgements; Contents; Abbreviations; 1 An Introduction to Child Soldiering, Its Images, and Realities; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Aim and Structure of the Book; 1.1.2 Definition of the Term Child Soldier; 1.1.3 Child Soldiers in International Law; 1.2 Images of Child Soldiers and Their Influence on International Policy; 1.2.1 The Passive Victim Image; 1.2.2 The Dangerous Demon Image; 1.2.3 Common Features; 1.2.4 Influence on International Policy; 1.2.5 The Hero Image; 1.3 Child Soldiers' Experiences and Their Gendered Dimensions; 1.3.1 Recruitment
1.3.1.1 The Voluntary Recruitment Controversy1.3.1.2 Child Soldiers' Reasons for Recruitment; 1.3.1.3 Recruiters' Reasons for Recruitment; 1.3.2 Experiences During Conflict; 1.3.2.1 Child Soldiers as Victims; 1.3.2.2 Child Soldiers as Perpetrators; 1.3.3 Post-conflict Experiences; 1.3.3.1 Participation in Violence as a Source of Stigmatization and Rejection; 1.3.3.2 The Gendered Dimensions of Stigmatization; 1.4 The Ambivalence of the Passive Victim Discourse; 1.4.1 Adverse Consequences of the Passive Victim Image; 1.4.1.1 For Child Soldiers; 1.4.1.2 For Children's Rights
1.4.1.3 For Receiving Communities1.4.1.4 For Societies; 1.4.1.5 For Gender Equality; 1.4.2 Conclusion: The Need to Acknowledge Child Soldiers' Agency; 1.5 Agency and Accountability; References; 2 Child Soldiers and Non-Prosecutorial Transitional Justice; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Transitional Justice; 2.3 Truth Commissions; 2.3.1 South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 2.3.2 Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 2.3.3 Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 2.3.4 Conclusion; 2.4 Traditional Processes; 2.4.1 Traditional Justice Processes
2.4.1.1 (Neo-)Traditional Justice in Rwanda: The Gacaca System2.4.1.2 Traditional Justice in Uganda: The Process of Mato Oput; 2.4.2 Traditional Cleansing Processes in Uganda, Angola, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone; 2.4.2.1 Uganda; 2.4.2.2 Angola and Mozambique; 2.4.2.3 Sierra Leone; 2.4.2.4 Conclusion; 2.5 Amnesties; 2.5.1 Mozambique; 2.5.2 South Africa; 2.5.3 Sierra Leone; 2.5.4 Uganda; 2.5.5 Liberia; 2.5.6 Conclusion; 2.6 Reparations; 2.6.1 Introduction; 2.6.2 Child Soldiers' Right to Reparations; 2.6.2.1 The Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation
Recruitment and/or Usage of Child Soldiers as a Violation of International Human Rights Law and/or International Humanitarian LawThe Recruitment and/or Usage of Child Soldiers as a Gross Violation of International Human Rights Law and/or Serious Violation of International Humanitarian Law; 2.6.2.2 Other Frameworks on Reparation; 2.6.2.3 Conclusion; 2.6.3 Implementation of Reparations for Child Soldiers; 2.6.3.1 Reparations Proceedings in Selected States; 2.6.3.2 The ICC's Lubanga-Trial; The Previous Decision on Victim Participation; Victims in the Reparations Decision; The Appeals Proceedings
1.3.1.1 The Voluntary Recruitment Controversy1.3.1.2 Child Soldiers' Reasons for Recruitment; 1.3.1.3 Recruiters' Reasons for Recruitment; 1.3.2 Experiences During Conflict; 1.3.2.1 Child Soldiers as Victims; 1.3.2.2 Child Soldiers as Perpetrators; 1.3.3 Post-conflict Experiences; 1.3.3.1 Participation in Violence as a Source of Stigmatization and Rejection; 1.3.3.2 The Gendered Dimensions of Stigmatization; 1.4 The Ambivalence of the Passive Victim Discourse; 1.4.1 Adverse Consequences of the Passive Victim Image; 1.4.1.1 For Child Soldiers; 1.4.1.2 For Children's Rights
1.4.1.3 For Receiving Communities1.4.1.4 For Societies; 1.4.1.5 For Gender Equality; 1.4.2 Conclusion: The Need to Acknowledge Child Soldiers' Agency; 1.5 Agency and Accountability; References; 2 Child Soldiers and Non-Prosecutorial Transitional Justice; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Transitional Justice; 2.3 Truth Commissions; 2.3.1 South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 2.3.2 Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 2.3.3 Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 2.3.4 Conclusion; 2.4 Traditional Processes; 2.4.1 Traditional Justice Processes
2.4.1.1 (Neo-)Traditional Justice in Rwanda: The Gacaca System2.4.1.2 Traditional Justice in Uganda: The Process of Mato Oput; 2.4.2 Traditional Cleansing Processes in Uganda, Angola, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone; 2.4.2.1 Uganda; 2.4.2.2 Angola and Mozambique; 2.4.2.3 Sierra Leone; 2.4.2.4 Conclusion; 2.5 Amnesties; 2.5.1 Mozambique; 2.5.2 South Africa; 2.5.3 Sierra Leone; 2.5.4 Uganda; 2.5.5 Liberia; 2.5.6 Conclusion; 2.6 Reparations; 2.6.1 Introduction; 2.6.2 Child Soldiers' Right to Reparations; 2.6.2.1 The Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation
Recruitment and/or Usage of Child Soldiers as a Violation of International Human Rights Law and/or International Humanitarian LawThe Recruitment and/or Usage of Child Soldiers as a Gross Violation of International Human Rights Law and/or Serious Violation of International Humanitarian Law; 2.6.2.2 Other Frameworks on Reparation; 2.6.2.3 Conclusion; 2.6.3 Implementation of Reparations for Child Soldiers; 2.6.3.1 Reparations Proceedings in Selected States; 2.6.3.2 The ICC's Lubanga-Trial; The Previous Decision on Victim Participation; Victims in the Reparations Decision; The Appeals Proceedings