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Preface; International Scientific Committee Members; Contents; Contributors; 1 Land Use/Cover Change and Its Eco-environmental Responses in Nepal: An Overview; Abstract; 1.1 Geographic Background of Nepal; 1.1.1 Topography; 1.1.2 Climate; 1.1.3 Vegetation; 1.1.4 Society; 1.2 LUCC; 1.3 Eco-environmental Changes; 1.4 Livelihoods and Adaptation; 1.5 Mountain Geo-Hazards, 4.25 Earthquake, and Its Impacts; 1.5.1 Brief Profiles of Mountain Geo-Hazards in Nepal; 1.5.2 4.25 Earthquake and Its Impacts; 1.6 Summary; Acknowledgements; References; Land Use/Cover Change
2 Land Cover Mapping and Its Spatial Pattern Analysis in NepalAbstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Study Area; 2.3 Data and Methods; 2.3.1 Data; 2.3.2 Land Cover Mapping; 2.3.2.1 Land Cover Classification System; 2.3.2.2 Land Cover Classification Method; 2.3.2.3 Accuracy Validation; 2.4 Results and Analysis; 2.4.1 The NepalCover-2010 Product and Its Accuracy; 2.4.2 The Statistical Analysis of Land Cover in Nepal; 2.4.3 Relationships Between Spatial Patterns of Typical Land Cover Classes and Topographical Factors
2.4.4 Relationships Between Spatial Patterns of Typical Land Cover Classes and Meteorological Elements2.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Land Cover Change and Its Driving Forces in Nepal Since 1990; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Study Area; 3.3 Data and Method; 3.3.1 Data; 3.3.2 Land Cover Change Detection; 3.3.2.1 Samples Collection; 3.3.2.2 Setting the Rules for Detecting the Change Polygons; 3.3.2.3 Error Checking and Revising; 3.3.3 Land Cover Change Analysis; 3.4 Results and Analysis; 3.4.1 Land Cover Change Pattern in Nepal Since 1990
3.4.2 Statistics of Changes in Different Development Regions3.4.3 Statistics of Changes in Different Periods; 3.4.4 Driving Forces of Land Cover Change; 3.4.4.1 Climate Change; 3.4.4.2 Natural Disasters; 3.4.4.3 Population Growth, Migration and Urbanization; 3.4.4.4 Socioeconomic Development; 3.4.4.5 The Implementation of Relevant Policies; 3.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 4 Land Use Change and Its Driving Forces in the Koshi Hills, Eastern Nepal; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Data and Methods; 4.2.1 Definitions and Classifications; 4.2.2 GIS Mapping Approach
4.2.3 Background Description of the Study Area: The Koshi Hills of Nepal4.2.3.1 Administrative and Physical Settings; 4.2.3.2 Demographic Settings; 4.2.3.3 Economic Settings; 4.2.3.4 Accessibility of Facilities; 4.3 Results and Analysis; 4.3.1 Land Use and Change; 4.3.1.1 Spatial Distribution of Land Use in 2010; 4.3.1.2 Land Use Change from 1986 to 2010; 4.3.2 Driving Factors of Land Use Change; 4.3.2.1 Development Planning Efforts; 4.3.2.2 Agriculture Development Activities; 4.3.2.3 Roads and Transport; 4.3.2.4 Community Forestry Program; 4.3.2.5 Climate Change
2 Land Cover Mapping and Its Spatial Pattern Analysis in NepalAbstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Study Area; 2.3 Data and Methods; 2.3.1 Data; 2.3.2 Land Cover Mapping; 2.3.2.1 Land Cover Classification System; 2.3.2.2 Land Cover Classification Method; 2.3.2.3 Accuracy Validation; 2.4 Results and Analysis; 2.4.1 The NepalCover-2010 Product and Its Accuracy; 2.4.2 The Statistical Analysis of Land Cover in Nepal; 2.4.3 Relationships Between Spatial Patterns of Typical Land Cover Classes and Topographical Factors
2.4.4 Relationships Between Spatial Patterns of Typical Land Cover Classes and Meteorological Elements2.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Land Cover Change and Its Driving Forces in Nepal Since 1990; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Study Area; 3.3 Data and Method; 3.3.1 Data; 3.3.2 Land Cover Change Detection; 3.3.2.1 Samples Collection; 3.3.2.2 Setting the Rules for Detecting the Change Polygons; 3.3.2.3 Error Checking and Revising; 3.3.3 Land Cover Change Analysis; 3.4 Results and Analysis; 3.4.1 Land Cover Change Pattern in Nepal Since 1990
3.4.2 Statistics of Changes in Different Development Regions3.4.3 Statistics of Changes in Different Periods; 3.4.4 Driving Forces of Land Cover Change; 3.4.4.1 Climate Change; 3.4.4.2 Natural Disasters; 3.4.4.3 Population Growth, Migration and Urbanization; 3.4.4.4 Socioeconomic Development; 3.4.4.5 The Implementation of Relevant Policies; 3.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 4 Land Use Change and Its Driving Forces in the Koshi Hills, Eastern Nepal; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Data and Methods; 4.2.1 Definitions and Classifications; 4.2.2 GIS Mapping Approach
4.2.3 Background Description of the Study Area: The Koshi Hills of Nepal4.2.3.1 Administrative and Physical Settings; 4.2.3.2 Demographic Settings; 4.2.3.3 Economic Settings; 4.2.3.4 Accessibility of Facilities; 4.3 Results and Analysis; 4.3.1 Land Use and Change; 4.3.1.1 Spatial Distribution of Land Use in 2010; 4.3.1.2 Land Use Change from 1986 to 2010; 4.3.2 Driving Factors of Land Use Change; 4.3.2.1 Development Planning Efforts; 4.3.2.2 Agriculture Development Activities; 4.3.2.3 Roads and Transport; 4.3.2.4 Community Forestry Program; 4.3.2.5 Climate Change