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Preface; Contents; List of Videos; Chapter 1: Surgical Aspects of Paravalvular Leak; 1.1 Preamble; 1.2 Anatomy of the Structures Adjacent to Aortic and Mitral Valves; 1.3 Importance of Degeneration or Inflammatory Processes on Stability of Tissues; 1.3.1 Surgically Implanted Heart Valves (Types of Prostheses, Different Valve Implantation Positions, Suture Techniques, etc.); 1.3.1.1 Factors Influencing Valve Detachment (Creation of Paravalvular Leaks); 1.3.1.2 Surgical Treatment of Paravalvular Leaks (Techniques, Efficacy of Surgical Treatment, Clinical Trials, Registries); References
Chapter 2: The Role of Imaging in Paravalvular Leak Assessment2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Clinical Manifestations; 2.3 Imaging Approach of Paravalvular Leaks; 2.3.1 Basic Principles; 2.3.2 Transthoracic Echocardiography; 2.3.3 Transesophageal Echocardiography; 2.3.4 3D Echocardiography; 2.3.5 Intracardiac Echocardiography; 2.3.6 Stress Echocardiography; 2.3.7 Cardiac Computed Tomography; 2.3.8 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging; 2.4 Echocardiography Assessment of Specific Prosthetic PVL; 2.4.1 Mitral Paravalvular Regurgitation; 2.4.1.1 Quantification of the Severity of Mitral PVL
2.4.2 Aortic Paravalvular Regurgitation2.4.2.1 Quantification of the Severity of Aortic PVL; 2.4.3 Paravalvular Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement; 2.4.4 Tricuspid Paravalvular Regurgitation; 2.4.5 Pulmonary Paravalvular Regurgitation; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure: History, Available Devices; 3.1 Introduction: First Transcatheter Procedures; 3.2 Devices Presently Used for Transcatheter PVL Closure; 3.3 Amplatzer™ Family of Vascular Plugs; 3.3.1 Amplatzer Vascular Plug II; 3.3.2 Amplatzer Vascular Plug III
3.3.3 Amplatzer Vascular Plug IV3.4 Occlutech PVL Device; 3.5 Selection of the Closure Device; 3.6 Paravalvular Mitral Leak Closure with Multiple Devices; 3.7 Conclusions and Future Directions; References; Chapter 4: Occlutech® Paravalvular Leak Device (PLD); 4.1 Background; 4.2 Device Description; 4.3 Implantation Procedure; 4.3.1 Mitral Paravalvular Leaks; 4.3.2 Aortic Paravalvular Leaks; 4.4 Pre-, Intra-, and Postprocedural Imaging (See Cases Illustrations); 4.5 Clinical Experience; 4.6 Summary; Appendix; Coordinating Principal Investigators; Italy; Lithuania; France; Cyprus
Hungary Romania; UK; References; Chapter 5: Echo Guiding During Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure; 5.1 Aspects of Echocardiography Imaging Relevant for Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure; 5.1.1 Choice of Modality; 5.1.2 Key Details of PVL Anatomy; 5.1.3 Echo-Driven Choice of Occluding Devices; 5.1.4 Technical Tips; 5.2 Echocardiographic Guidance for Specific PVL Location; 5.2.1 Para-aortic Leak: Transvascular Access; 5.2.2 Paramitral Leak: Transvascular Access; 5.2.3 Paratricuspid Leak: Transvascular Access; 5.2.4 Transapical Access: Lateral Minithoracotomy
Chapter 2: The Role of Imaging in Paravalvular Leak Assessment2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Clinical Manifestations; 2.3 Imaging Approach of Paravalvular Leaks; 2.3.1 Basic Principles; 2.3.2 Transthoracic Echocardiography; 2.3.3 Transesophageal Echocardiography; 2.3.4 3D Echocardiography; 2.3.5 Intracardiac Echocardiography; 2.3.6 Stress Echocardiography; 2.3.7 Cardiac Computed Tomography; 2.3.8 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging; 2.4 Echocardiography Assessment of Specific Prosthetic PVL; 2.4.1 Mitral Paravalvular Regurgitation; 2.4.1.1 Quantification of the Severity of Mitral PVL
2.4.2 Aortic Paravalvular Regurgitation2.4.2.1 Quantification of the Severity of Aortic PVL; 2.4.3 Paravalvular Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement; 2.4.4 Tricuspid Paravalvular Regurgitation; 2.4.5 Pulmonary Paravalvular Regurgitation; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure: History, Available Devices; 3.1 Introduction: First Transcatheter Procedures; 3.2 Devices Presently Used for Transcatheter PVL Closure; 3.3 Amplatzer™ Family of Vascular Plugs; 3.3.1 Amplatzer Vascular Plug II; 3.3.2 Amplatzer Vascular Plug III
3.3.3 Amplatzer Vascular Plug IV3.4 Occlutech PVL Device; 3.5 Selection of the Closure Device; 3.6 Paravalvular Mitral Leak Closure with Multiple Devices; 3.7 Conclusions and Future Directions; References; Chapter 4: Occlutech® Paravalvular Leak Device (PLD); 4.1 Background; 4.2 Device Description; 4.3 Implantation Procedure; 4.3.1 Mitral Paravalvular Leaks; 4.3.2 Aortic Paravalvular Leaks; 4.4 Pre-, Intra-, and Postprocedural Imaging (See Cases Illustrations); 4.5 Clinical Experience; 4.6 Summary; Appendix; Coordinating Principal Investigators; Italy; Lithuania; France; Cyprus
Hungary Romania; UK; References; Chapter 5: Echo Guiding During Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure; 5.1 Aspects of Echocardiography Imaging Relevant for Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure; 5.1.1 Choice of Modality; 5.1.2 Key Details of PVL Anatomy; 5.1.3 Echo-Driven Choice of Occluding Devices; 5.1.4 Technical Tips; 5.2 Echocardiographic Guidance for Specific PVL Location; 5.2.1 Para-aortic Leak: Transvascular Access; 5.2.2 Paramitral Leak: Transvascular Access; 5.2.3 Paratricuspid Leak: Transvascular Access; 5.2.4 Transapical Access: Lateral Minithoracotomy