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Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: Johannes Kepler and René Descartes: A Retinal Image is Transmitted to the Brain; Introduction; The Elegant Construction of a Retinal Image; Descartes Extended Kepler's Retinal Image to the Brain; The Crucial Points about Descartes' Brain; The Kepler-Descartes Linkage is One of the Best Examples of Synergism in the History of Science; References; 2: Jacques Daviel: The Invention of Modern Cataract Surgery; Introduction; Understanding the Anatomy of the eye; Appreciating the True Nature of the Cataract; Jacques Daviel: Early Years
Daviel's Life as a Cataract Surgeon Daviel Describes and Promotes Extraction of Cataracts; Conclusion; References; 3: John Dalton: The Recognition of Color Deficiency; Dalton, the man; Dalton's Observations; Legacy and Denouement; References; 4: Thomas Young: The Foundations of Light, Color, and Optics; Introduction; Child Prodigy; Accommodation; Medical Student at Edinburgh, Göttingen, and Cambridge; London and Optics; Light as a Wave; Color Vision; Professor at the Royal Institution; Physician in London; Young's Legacy; References
5: Valentin Haüy and Louis Braille: Enabling Education for the BlindReferences; 6: Jan Evangelista Purkinje: Visual Physiologist; Development of the Ophthalmoscope and Other Clinical Instruments; Description of a Shift in Light Sensitivity of the eye during Dark-Adaptation (Purkinje Shift); Description of Visual Entoptic Images; Description of Catoptric Images; Motion Aftereffects; Additional Contributions; Legacy; References; 7: Franciscus Donders: The Management of Anomalies of Refraction; References; 8: Hermann von Helmholtz: The Power of Ophthalmoscopy; The Invention
Prior Observations Popularization of the Instrument; Helmholtz's Other Scientific Achievements; Honors to the Innovator; References; 9: Albrecht von Graefe: The Beginnings of Scientific Ophthalmology and Education; Introduction; Von Graefe: The Beginnings; Advent of new Technology (the Beginnings of Modern Ophthalmology); Early Practice; Von Graefe's Observations; The Beginnings of the 'Cataract Wars' and the Introduction of the Graefe Knife; Analysis of Graefe's Surgical Procedures; Clinical Observations; Albrecht von Graefe the Educator; References
10: Karl Koller: The Introduction of Local Anesthesia The Allgemeines Krankenhaus; Coca; The "Discovery"; The Acceptance of Local Anesthesia; The Cocaine Epidemic; The Immediate Aftermath; Koller in America; References; 11: Allvar Gullstrand: Dioptrics of the Eye and the Slit Lamp; Introduction; Early Years to Lecturer in Ophthalmology 1891; The new Professor, His Research and His Inventions; The Slit Lamp; Reflex-Free Fundus Examination and Photography; Annus Mirabilis 1911; Professor of Physical and Physiological Optics and Retirement; Character and the Nobel Prize.
Daviel's Life as a Cataract Surgeon Daviel Describes and Promotes Extraction of Cataracts; Conclusion; References; 3: John Dalton: The Recognition of Color Deficiency; Dalton, the man; Dalton's Observations; Legacy and Denouement; References; 4: Thomas Young: The Foundations of Light, Color, and Optics; Introduction; Child Prodigy; Accommodation; Medical Student at Edinburgh, Göttingen, and Cambridge; London and Optics; Light as a Wave; Color Vision; Professor at the Royal Institution; Physician in London; Young's Legacy; References
5: Valentin Haüy and Louis Braille: Enabling Education for the BlindReferences; 6: Jan Evangelista Purkinje: Visual Physiologist; Development of the Ophthalmoscope and Other Clinical Instruments; Description of a Shift in Light Sensitivity of the eye during Dark-Adaptation (Purkinje Shift); Description of Visual Entoptic Images; Description of Catoptric Images; Motion Aftereffects; Additional Contributions; Legacy; References; 7: Franciscus Donders: The Management of Anomalies of Refraction; References; 8: Hermann von Helmholtz: The Power of Ophthalmoscopy; The Invention
Prior Observations Popularization of the Instrument; Helmholtz's Other Scientific Achievements; Honors to the Innovator; References; 9: Albrecht von Graefe: The Beginnings of Scientific Ophthalmology and Education; Introduction; Von Graefe: The Beginnings; Advent of new Technology (the Beginnings of Modern Ophthalmology); Early Practice; Von Graefe's Observations; The Beginnings of the 'Cataract Wars' and the Introduction of the Graefe Knife; Analysis of Graefe's Surgical Procedures; Clinical Observations; Albrecht von Graefe the Educator; References
10: Karl Koller: The Introduction of Local Anesthesia The Allgemeines Krankenhaus; Coca; The "Discovery"; The Acceptance of Local Anesthesia; The Cocaine Epidemic; The Immediate Aftermath; Koller in America; References; 11: Allvar Gullstrand: Dioptrics of the Eye and the Slit Lamp; Introduction; Early Years to Lecturer in Ophthalmology 1891; The new Professor, His Research and His Inventions; The Slit Lamp; Reflex-Free Fundus Examination and Photography; Annus Mirabilis 1911; Professor of Physical and Physiological Optics and Retirement; Character and the Nobel Prize.