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Dedication; Series Preface; Volume Preface; Contents; Part I: Preventing the Environmental Transmission of Infections; Chapter 1: Preventing Infectious Diseases in Spacecraft and Space Habitats; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Microbiological Risks and Their Adverse Effects; 1.3 Strategy to Mitigate Microbiological Risks; 1.4 Crew Health; 1.5 Acceptability Limits and Sampling Schedules; 1.6 Environmental Microbial Monitoring; 1.7 Water Microbial Monitoring; 1.8 Food Microbial Monitoring; 1.9 Payload Reviews; 1.10 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Bacterial Resistance to Hospital Disinfection
2.1 Introduction2.2 Types of Biocides and Mode of Action; 2.2.1 Cationic Antimicrobial Agents; 2.2.2 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; 2.2.3 Biguanides; 2.2.4 Peroxygens; 2.2.4.1 Hydrogen Peroxide; 2.2.4.2 Peracetic Acid; 2.2.5 Alcohols; 2.2.6 Aldehydes; 2.2.7 Phenolics; 2.2.8 Halogen-Releasing Agents; 2.2.8.1 Chlorine-Releasing Agents; 2.2.8.2 Iodophors; 2.2.9 Others; 2.3 Resistance to Biocides; 2.3.1 Intrinsic Resistance to Biocides; 2.3.1.1 Spore-Forming Bacteria; 2.3.1.2 Mycobacteria; 2.3.1.3 Other Gram-Positive Bacteria; 2.3.1.4 Gram-Negative Bacteria; 2.3.2 Acquired Resistance to Biocides
2.3.2.1 Impermeability2.3.2.2 Target Alteration; 2.3.2.3 Efflux Systems; 2.4 Biofilms; 2.5 Link to Antibiotic Resistance; 2.6 Problems and Challenges Associated with Testing Biocide Efficacy; References; Chapter 3: Disinfection of Microbial Aerosols; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Microbial Aerosol Disinfection Methods; 3.3 Applications of Microbial Aerosol Disinfection; 3.4 Ultraviolet Inactivation; 3.4.1 Techniques Used; 3.4.2 Laboratory Studies; 3.4.3 Field Studies; 3.4.4 Effects of Relative Humidity on UVGI; 3.4.5 Adverse Effects; 3.5 HEPA Filtration; 3.5.1 Types of Installation
3.5.2 Use of HEPA Filtration for Exhaust Air3.5.3 Use of HEPA Filtration for Recirculation Within a Room; 3.5.4 Maintenance of HEPA Filters; 3.6 Photocatalytic Oxidation; 3.7 Nonthermal Plasma; 3.8 Plasmacluster Ion Technology; 3.9 Microwave Irradiation; 3.10 Ion Emission; 3.11 Short-Term Thermal Treatment; 3.12 Application of Nanotechnology; 3.13 Application of Natural Products; 3.14 Conclusions; References; Part II: Understanding the Ecology of Infectious Disease; Chapter 4: The Role of the Indigenous Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Disease
4.1 Introduction: The Human Indigenous Gut Microbiota4.2 Association Between the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders; 4.2.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Irritable Bowel Disorder; 4.2.2 Colorectal Cancer; 4.3 Influence of the Indigenous Gut Microbiota on Obesity; 4.4 Allergies and Asthma; 4.4.1 Hygiene Hypothesis: Origin and Development; 4.4.2 Gut Microbiota and the Hygiene Hypothesis; 4.4.3 Food Allergies; 4.4.4 Impact of Probiotics and Microbial Metabolites on Allergic Disease; 4.4.5 Impact of Birth Method and Breastfeeding on Manifestation of Allergies and Asthma
2.1 Introduction2.2 Types of Biocides and Mode of Action; 2.2.1 Cationic Antimicrobial Agents; 2.2.2 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; 2.2.3 Biguanides; 2.2.4 Peroxygens; 2.2.4.1 Hydrogen Peroxide; 2.2.4.2 Peracetic Acid; 2.2.5 Alcohols; 2.2.6 Aldehydes; 2.2.7 Phenolics; 2.2.8 Halogen-Releasing Agents; 2.2.8.1 Chlorine-Releasing Agents; 2.2.8.2 Iodophors; 2.2.9 Others; 2.3 Resistance to Biocides; 2.3.1 Intrinsic Resistance to Biocides; 2.3.1.1 Spore-Forming Bacteria; 2.3.1.2 Mycobacteria; 2.3.1.3 Other Gram-Positive Bacteria; 2.3.1.4 Gram-Negative Bacteria; 2.3.2 Acquired Resistance to Biocides
2.3.2.1 Impermeability2.3.2.2 Target Alteration; 2.3.2.3 Efflux Systems; 2.4 Biofilms; 2.5 Link to Antibiotic Resistance; 2.6 Problems and Challenges Associated with Testing Biocide Efficacy; References; Chapter 3: Disinfection of Microbial Aerosols; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Microbial Aerosol Disinfection Methods; 3.3 Applications of Microbial Aerosol Disinfection; 3.4 Ultraviolet Inactivation; 3.4.1 Techniques Used; 3.4.2 Laboratory Studies; 3.4.3 Field Studies; 3.4.4 Effects of Relative Humidity on UVGI; 3.4.5 Adverse Effects; 3.5 HEPA Filtration; 3.5.1 Types of Installation
3.5.2 Use of HEPA Filtration for Exhaust Air3.5.3 Use of HEPA Filtration for Recirculation Within a Room; 3.5.4 Maintenance of HEPA Filters; 3.6 Photocatalytic Oxidation; 3.7 Nonthermal Plasma; 3.8 Plasmacluster Ion Technology; 3.9 Microwave Irradiation; 3.10 Ion Emission; 3.11 Short-Term Thermal Treatment; 3.12 Application of Nanotechnology; 3.13 Application of Natural Products; 3.14 Conclusions; References; Part II: Understanding the Ecology of Infectious Disease; Chapter 4: The Role of the Indigenous Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Disease
4.1 Introduction: The Human Indigenous Gut Microbiota4.2 Association Between the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders; 4.2.1 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Irritable Bowel Disorder; 4.2.2 Colorectal Cancer; 4.3 Influence of the Indigenous Gut Microbiota on Obesity; 4.4 Allergies and Asthma; 4.4.1 Hygiene Hypothesis: Origin and Development; 4.4.2 Gut Microbiota and the Hygiene Hypothesis; 4.4.3 Food Allergies; 4.4.4 Impact of Probiotics and Microbial Metabolites on Allergic Disease; 4.4.5 Impact of Birth Method and Breastfeeding on Manifestation of Allergies and Asthma