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Acoustical Society of America; Series Preface; Preface 1992; Volume Preface; Contents; Contributors; Chapter 1: Introduction to Primate Hearing and Communication; 1.1 Introduction to the Primates; 1.2 Primate Hearing and Communication; 1.3 Volume Overview; 1.4 Open Questions and Future Directions; References; Chapter 2: The Primate Peripheral Auditory System and the Evolution of Primate Hearing; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Outer Ear and Interaural Distance; 2.3 Middle Ear; 2.3.1 Temporal Bone; 2.3.2 Middle Ear Structure and Function; 2.3.3 Middle Ear Morphology and Hearing Sensitivity
2.4 Inner Ear2.5 Evolution of Hearing in Primates; 2.5.1 Early Mammalian Hearing; 2.5.2 Early Primate Hearing; 2.5.3 Body Size, Ear Dimensions, and Hearing; 2.6 Hearing, Sensory Ecology, and Primate Origins; 2.7 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Primate Audition: Reception, Perception, and Ecology; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Auditory Processing and Perception in Primates; 3.2.1 The Path of Sound: From Cochlea to Auditory Cortex; 3.2.2 Alternate Pathways for Spectral and Spatial Information; 3.2.3 Encoding Signals; 3.2.4 Are Primate Brains Specialized for Processing Vocalizations?
3.2.5 Potential Specializations for Processing Species-Specific Vocalizations3.2.6 Interindividual Recognition; 3.3 Defining, Representing, and Measuring Overall Auditory Sensitivity in Primates; 3.3.1 Defining and Representing Auditory Sensitivity in Primates; 3.3.2 Determining Threshold; 3.3.3 Testing Methods; 3.4 Auditory Sensitivity Among Primates; 3.4.1 Primate Audiograms; 3.4.2 Intraspecies Variation; 3.4.3 Variation in High-Frequency Limit; 3.4.3.1 High-Frequency Limit and Sound Source Localization; 3.4.3.2 High-Frequency Limit, Behavior, and Ecology
3.4.4 Frequency of Best Sensitivity3.4.5 Low-Frequency Limit; 3.5 Summary and Implications for Future Research; References; Chapter 4: Primate Habitat Acoustics; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Geographic Range and Distribution of Nonhuman Primates; 4.3 Forest and Savanna Acoustics; 4.3.1 Habitat Characteristics; 4.3.2 Studying Habitat Acoustics: Ambient Noise and Sound Transmission; 4.3.3 Primate Habitats: How They Differ Acoustically; 4.3.3.1 Ambient Noise; 4.3.3.2 Attenuation; 4.3.3.3 Amplitude Fluctuations; 4.3.3.4 Reverberation; 4.3.3.5 Modulation Depth; 4.3.3.6 Call Degradation
4.3.3.7 Time Domain Distortion Analysis4.3.3.8 Frequency Domain Distortion Analysis; 4.4 The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis; 4.4.1 The Audible Range of Short- and Long-Distance Calls; 4.5 Evolutionary Aspects of Primate Vocal Signals; 4.5.1 Have Some Calls Evolved to Maximize Active Space?; 4.5.2 Do Primates Modify Call Structure or Use Based on Habitat Acoustics?; 4.5.3 Might Selection Favor Calls that Degrade in Predictable Ways?; 4.5.4 Are Evolutionarily Important Cues Coded in Attributes Resistant to Degradation?; 4.6 Future Research Directions; 4.6.1 Thinking About the Physics
2.4 Inner Ear2.5 Evolution of Hearing in Primates; 2.5.1 Early Mammalian Hearing; 2.5.2 Early Primate Hearing; 2.5.3 Body Size, Ear Dimensions, and Hearing; 2.6 Hearing, Sensory Ecology, and Primate Origins; 2.7 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Primate Audition: Reception, Perception, and Ecology; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Auditory Processing and Perception in Primates; 3.2.1 The Path of Sound: From Cochlea to Auditory Cortex; 3.2.2 Alternate Pathways for Spectral and Spatial Information; 3.2.3 Encoding Signals; 3.2.4 Are Primate Brains Specialized for Processing Vocalizations?
3.2.5 Potential Specializations for Processing Species-Specific Vocalizations3.2.6 Interindividual Recognition; 3.3 Defining, Representing, and Measuring Overall Auditory Sensitivity in Primates; 3.3.1 Defining and Representing Auditory Sensitivity in Primates; 3.3.2 Determining Threshold; 3.3.3 Testing Methods; 3.4 Auditory Sensitivity Among Primates; 3.4.1 Primate Audiograms; 3.4.2 Intraspecies Variation; 3.4.3 Variation in High-Frequency Limit; 3.4.3.1 High-Frequency Limit and Sound Source Localization; 3.4.3.2 High-Frequency Limit, Behavior, and Ecology
3.4.4 Frequency of Best Sensitivity3.4.5 Low-Frequency Limit; 3.5 Summary and Implications for Future Research; References; Chapter 4: Primate Habitat Acoustics; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Geographic Range and Distribution of Nonhuman Primates; 4.3 Forest and Savanna Acoustics; 4.3.1 Habitat Characteristics; 4.3.2 Studying Habitat Acoustics: Ambient Noise and Sound Transmission; 4.3.3 Primate Habitats: How They Differ Acoustically; 4.3.3.1 Ambient Noise; 4.3.3.2 Attenuation; 4.3.3.3 Amplitude Fluctuations; 4.3.3.4 Reverberation; 4.3.3.5 Modulation Depth; 4.3.3.6 Call Degradation
4.3.3.7 Time Domain Distortion Analysis4.3.3.8 Frequency Domain Distortion Analysis; 4.4 The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis; 4.4.1 The Audible Range of Short- and Long-Distance Calls; 4.5 Evolutionary Aspects of Primate Vocal Signals; 4.5.1 Have Some Calls Evolved to Maximize Active Space?; 4.5.2 Do Primates Modify Call Structure or Use Based on Habitat Acoustics?; 4.5.3 Might Selection Favor Calls that Degrade in Predictable Ways?; 4.5.4 Are Evolutionarily Important Cues Coded in Attributes Resistant to Degradation?; 4.6 Future Research Directions; 4.6.1 Thinking About the Physics