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1: Vertebral Lesions: Imaging; 1.1 Imaging Strategy; 1.1.1 Introduction; 1.1.2 Age and Clinical History; 1.1.3 Number of Lesions; 1.1.4 Location; 1.1.5 Morphology; 1.1.5.1 Border; 1.1.5.2 Matrix; 1.1.5.3 Expansion; 1.1.5.4 Soft Tissue Component; 1.1.6 Imaging Features; 1.1.6.1 CT/X-ray Imaging Features; 1.1.6.2 MR Imaging Features; 1.1.6.3 Specific Patterns; 1.2 Primary Vertebral Lesions; 1.2.1 Vertebral Haemangioma; 1.2.1.1 General; 1.2.1.2 Imaging; 1.2.2 Plasmacytoma; 1.2.2.1 General; 1.2.2.2 Imaging; 1.2.3 Multiple Myeloma; 1.2.3.1 General; 1.2.3.2 Imaging
1.2.4 Chordoma1.2.4.1 General; 1.2.4.2 Imaging; 1.2.5 Osteoid Osteoma; 1.2.5.1 General; 1.2.5.2 Imaging; 1.2.6 Osteoblastoma; 1.2.6.1 General; 1.2.7 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst; 1.2.7.1 General; 1.2.7.2 Imaging; 1.2.8 Giant Cell Tumour; 1.2.8.1 General; 1.2.8.2 Imaging; 1.2.9 Eosinophilic Granuloma; 1.2.9.1 General; 1.2.9.2 Imaging; 1.2.10 Enostosis; 1.2.10.1 General; 1.2.10.2 Imaging; 1.3 Vertebral Metastasis; 1.3.1 General; 1.3.2 Imaging; 1.3.3 Differential Diagnosis; 1.4 Summary; References; 2: Biomechanics of Vertebral Fracture; 2.1 The Spine as a Biomechanical System
2.2 Vertebral Structure2.2.1 Trabecular Centrum; 2.2.2 Cortical Shell; 2.2.3 Endplates; 2.2.4 Posterior Elements; 2.3 Vertebral Bone; 2.3.1 Composition; 2.3.2 Mechanical Behaviour; 2.3.3 Bone Quality; 2.3.4 Age-Related Changes; 2.3.5 Impact of Intervertebral Disc; 2.4 Spinal Column Classification; 2.5 Spinal Stability; 2.6 Vertebral Fractures; 2.7 Traumatic Injuries; 2.7.1 Osteoporotic Fractures; 2.7.2 Pathologic Fractures; 2.8 Fracture Types; 2.8.1 Compression Fractures; 2.8.2 Burst Fractures; 2.8.3 Flexion Distraction Injuries; 2.8.4 Facet Joint Injuries
2.8.5 Fractures of the Odontoid Process2.8.6 Classification of Fracture Instability; 2.9 Fracture Risk Prediction; 2.9.1 Bone Mineral Density; 2.9.2 Clinical Factors; 2.9.3 Quantitative Computed Tomography; 2.9.4 Structural Rigidity; 2.9.5 Finite Element Analysis; 2.9.6 Damage; 2.9.7 Loading; 2.9.8 Spinal Alignment; 2.10 Vertebral Metastases; 2.10.1 Strength and Fracture Risk; 2.10.2 Impact on Material Properties; 2.11 Treatment Effects; 2.11.1 Minimally Invasive Cement-Based Vertebral Stabilization; 2.12 Summary; References; 3: Spine Biopsy; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Imaging Guidance Modalities3.2.1 Fluoroscopy Guidance; 3.2.2 CT Guidance; 3.3 Materials; 3.4 Positioning, Prepping, Draping, Anesthesia, and Contraindications; 3.5 Sacral Vertebral Biopsies; 3.6 Lumbar Vertebral Biopsy; 3.6.1 Trans-pedicular Approach; 3.6.2 Extra-Pedicular Approach; 3.6.3 Fluoroscopic Guidance; 3.6.4 CT Guidance; 3.7 Thoracic Vertebral Biopsy; 3.7.1 Trans-pedicular Approach; 3.7.2 Extra-Pedicular Approach; 3.7.3 Fluoroscopic Guidance; 3.7.4 CT Guidance; 3.8 Cervical Vertebral Biopsy; 3.8.1 Anterolateral Approach; 3.8.1.1 Fluoroscopic Guidance
1.2.4 Chordoma1.2.4.1 General; 1.2.4.2 Imaging; 1.2.5 Osteoid Osteoma; 1.2.5.1 General; 1.2.5.2 Imaging; 1.2.6 Osteoblastoma; 1.2.6.1 General; 1.2.7 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst; 1.2.7.1 General; 1.2.7.2 Imaging; 1.2.8 Giant Cell Tumour; 1.2.8.1 General; 1.2.8.2 Imaging; 1.2.9 Eosinophilic Granuloma; 1.2.9.1 General; 1.2.9.2 Imaging; 1.2.10 Enostosis; 1.2.10.1 General; 1.2.10.2 Imaging; 1.3 Vertebral Metastasis; 1.3.1 General; 1.3.2 Imaging; 1.3.3 Differential Diagnosis; 1.4 Summary; References; 2: Biomechanics of Vertebral Fracture; 2.1 The Spine as a Biomechanical System
2.2 Vertebral Structure2.2.1 Trabecular Centrum; 2.2.2 Cortical Shell; 2.2.3 Endplates; 2.2.4 Posterior Elements; 2.3 Vertebral Bone; 2.3.1 Composition; 2.3.2 Mechanical Behaviour; 2.3.3 Bone Quality; 2.3.4 Age-Related Changes; 2.3.5 Impact of Intervertebral Disc; 2.4 Spinal Column Classification; 2.5 Spinal Stability; 2.6 Vertebral Fractures; 2.7 Traumatic Injuries; 2.7.1 Osteoporotic Fractures; 2.7.2 Pathologic Fractures; 2.8 Fracture Types; 2.8.1 Compression Fractures; 2.8.2 Burst Fractures; 2.8.3 Flexion Distraction Injuries; 2.8.4 Facet Joint Injuries
2.8.5 Fractures of the Odontoid Process2.8.6 Classification of Fracture Instability; 2.9 Fracture Risk Prediction; 2.9.1 Bone Mineral Density; 2.9.2 Clinical Factors; 2.9.3 Quantitative Computed Tomography; 2.9.4 Structural Rigidity; 2.9.5 Finite Element Analysis; 2.9.6 Damage; 2.9.7 Loading; 2.9.8 Spinal Alignment; 2.10 Vertebral Metastases; 2.10.1 Strength and Fracture Risk; 2.10.2 Impact on Material Properties; 2.11 Treatment Effects; 2.11.1 Minimally Invasive Cement-Based Vertebral Stabilization; 2.12 Summary; References; 3: Spine Biopsy; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Imaging Guidance Modalities3.2.1 Fluoroscopy Guidance; 3.2.2 CT Guidance; 3.3 Materials; 3.4 Positioning, Prepping, Draping, Anesthesia, and Contraindications; 3.5 Sacral Vertebral Biopsies; 3.6 Lumbar Vertebral Biopsy; 3.6.1 Trans-pedicular Approach; 3.6.2 Extra-Pedicular Approach; 3.6.3 Fluoroscopic Guidance; 3.6.4 CT Guidance; 3.7 Thoracic Vertebral Biopsy; 3.7.1 Trans-pedicular Approach; 3.7.2 Extra-Pedicular Approach; 3.7.3 Fluoroscopic Guidance; 3.7.4 CT Guidance; 3.8 Cervical Vertebral Biopsy; 3.8.1 Anterolateral Approach; 3.8.1.1 Fluoroscopic Guidance