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Preface; Contents; Contributors; Abbreviations; Mapping Forest Landscapes: Overview and a Primer; Mapping Forest Landscapes: An Introduction; What is Mapping?; Thematic Mapping Basics; Factors that Influence Mapped Patterns; Map Projections; Data Sources Used in Mapping; What is a Forest Landscape?; What is a Forest?; What is a Landscape?; What are the Characteristics of Forest Landscapes?; Considerations in Forest Landscape Mapping; Describing Spatial Patterns; Regions; Attribute Fuzziness; Focus on Boundaries; Membership Function; Boundary Location Fuzziness
Boundaries as Transitional Regions Beyond 2D Data; Vertical Structural Dimension; Mapping Dynamic Processes; Utility of Forest Landscape Maps; Map Representations; Morphological Interpretations; Map Scale; Spatial Resolution; Increased Spatial Resolution Versus Marginal Information Gain; Multiple-Scale and Cross-Scale Analyses; Error Assessment and Validation; Sources of Errors; Map Validation; Summary; References; Fuzzy Classification of Vegetation for Ecosystem Mapping; Introduction; Overview of Fuzzy Systems; Fuzzy Systems: Key Concepts for Mapping; Map Unit Concepts
Fuzzy Classifiers Fuzzy Representation with Continuous and Categorical Data; Mapping with Fuzzy Classifiers; Fuzzy Approaches for Identifying and Utilizing Uncertainty; Thematic Uncertainty; Spatial Uncertainty; Simultaneous Consideration of Thematic and Spatial Uncertainty; Multiple Outputs: Fuzzy Geodatabase; Vertical Structure Mapping; A Look to the Future; Summary; References; Portraying Wildfires in Forest Landscapes as Discrete Complex Objects; Introduction; Wildfire Initiation and Anatomy; Initiation and Growth ; Descriptors of Footprints; Point-Based Mapping
Area-Based Mapping Interfaces Between Burned and Unburned Areas; Simplification; Scale Dependence; Wildfires as Discrete and Complex Objects; The Outer Edge of a Wildfire is Scale Dependent; Width of the Ecotone; Internal Heterogeneity; Area Complexity; Thematic Contrasts; Probability of Fire and Other Phenomena; Standardized Depiction of Wildfires as Discrete Complex Objects; The Future of Mapping Wildfires; Accuracy Assessment in Remote Regions; Landscape Persistence; Hierarchical Data Formats for Capturing Scale Effects; References
Airborne LiDAR Applications in Forest Landscapes Introduction; Defining ALS LiDAR; Introduction to the Three Common LiDAR Platforms; Intensity, Point Density, and Multispectral LiDAR; Primary Measurements; Surface Models (DEM, DSM, DTM, CHM); Canopy Height Models and Detection and Delineation of Individual Trees; Detection and Delineation of Individual Trees: Surface-Based Methods; Detection and Delineation of Individual Trees: Point-Based Methods; Secondary Measurements; Regression Models and Allometric Equations; Vertical Profile for a Single Tree
Boundaries as Transitional Regions Beyond 2D Data; Vertical Structural Dimension; Mapping Dynamic Processes; Utility of Forest Landscape Maps; Map Representations; Morphological Interpretations; Map Scale; Spatial Resolution; Increased Spatial Resolution Versus Marginal Information Gain; Multiple-Scale and Cross-Scale Analyses; Error Assessment and Validation; Sources of Errors; Map Validation; Summary; References; Fuzzy Classification of Vegetation for Ecosystem Mapping; Introduction; Overview of Fuzzy Systems; Fuzzy Systems: Key Concepts for Mapping; Map Unit Concepts
Fuzzy Classifiers Fuzzy Representation with Continuous and Categorical Data; Mapping with Fuzzy Classifiers; Fuzzy Approaches for Identifying and Utilizing Uncertainty; Thematic Uncertainty; Spatial Uncertainty; Simultaneous Consideration of Thematic and Spatial Uncertainty; Multiple Outputs: Fuzzy Geodatabase; Vertical Structure Mapping; A Look to the Future; Summary; References; Portraying Wildfires in Forest Landscapes as Discrete Complex Objects; Introduction; Wildfire Initiation and Anatomy; Initiation and Growth ; Descriptors of Footprints; Point-Based Mapping
Area-Based Mapping Interfaces Between Burned and Unburned Areas; Simplification; Scale Dependence; Wildfires as Discrete and Complex Objects; The Outer Edge of a Wildfire is Scale Dependent; Width of the Ecotone; Internal Heterogeneity; Area Complexity; Thematic Contrasts; Probability of Fire and Other Phenomena; Standardized Depiction of Wildfires as Discrete Complex Objects; The Future of Mapping Wildfires; Accuracy Assessment in Remote Regions; Landscape Persistence; Hierarchical Data Formats for Capturing Scale Effects; References
Airborne LiDAR Applications in Forest Landscapes Introduction; Defining ALS LiDAR; Introduction to the Three Common LiDAR Platforms; Intensity, Point Density, and Multispectral LiDAR; Primary Measurements; Surface Models (DEM, DSM, DTM, CHM); Canopy Height Models and Detection and Delineation of Individual Trees; Detection and Delineation of Individual Trees: Surface-Based Methods; Detection and Delineation of Individual Trees: Point-Based Methods; Secondary Measurements; Regression Models and Allometric Equations; Vertical Profile for a Single Tree