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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Introduction; 1.1 What This Book Is About; 1.2 Focus, Alternative Semantics and Focus Particles; 1.3 Specific Research Questions; 1.4 Overview of Individual Chapters; References; 2 Theoretical and Empirical Background; 2.1 Theoretical Background; 2.1.1 Focus in Alternative Semantics; 2.1.2 Different Accent Types; 2.1.3 Groups of Focus Particles; 2.1.4 Comparison of Inferences Triggered by Contrastive Accents and Focus Particles; 2.1.5 Factors Influencing the Perception of Contrast; 2.2 Previous Psycholinguistic Evidence.
2.2.1 Focal Information in Language Processing and Memory2.2.1.1 Focus and Online Sentence Processing; 2.2.1.2 Memory for Focal Information and Focus Alternatives; 2.2.2 Alternatives in Online Processing; 2.2.2.1 Pitch Accents in Cross-Modal Priming Paradigms; 2.2.2.2 Online Studies with Focus Particles; 2.3 Summary of Previous Evidence; References; 3 Long-Term Representation of the Entire Alternative Set; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Focus and Alternatives in Language Comprehension; 3.1.2 Specific Hypotheses: Lexical Meaning or Focus Association?
3.2 Experiment 1a: Salience of Alternatives in Long-Term Memory3.2.1 Goals and Predictions; 3.2.2 Method; 3.2.2.1 Participants; 3.2.2.2 Apparatus; 3.2.2.3 Materials; 3.2.2.4 Procedure; 3.2.3 Results; 3.2.4 Discussion; 3.3 Experiment 1b: Replication with Narrative Item Structure; 3.3.1 Goals and Predictions; 3.3.2 Methods; 3.3.2.1 Participants; 3.3.2.2 Materials; 3.3.2.3 Procedure; 3.3.3 Results; 3.3.4 Discussion; 3.4 Rating Study: Acceptability of Experimental Items; 3.4.1 Methods; 3.4.1.1 Participants; 3.4.1.2 Materials; 3.4.1.3 Procedure; 3.4.2 Results.
3.4.3 Correlational Analyses: Acceptability and Recall3.5 Chapter Summary; References; 4 The Mechanisms of Activation and Competitive Inhibition; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 The Probe Recognition Task; 4.1.2 Goals of Experiments 2 and 3; 4.2 Experiment 2: Mentioned and Unmentioned Alternatives; 4.2.1 Rationale and Predictions; 4.2.2 Methods; 4.2.2.1 Participants; 4.2.2.2 Materials; 4.2.2.3 Procedure; 4.2.3 Results; 4.2.4 Discussion; 4.3 Experiment 3: Activation or Inhibition?; 4.3.1 Methods; 4.3.2 Participants; 4.3.3 Materials; 4.3.4 Procedure; 4.3.5 Results; 4.3.6 Discussion.
4.4 General Discussion4.5 Chapter Summary; References; 5 What's Included in the Set of Alternatives?; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Experiment 4: Contrastive vs. General Associates; 5.2.1 Goals and Predictions; 5.2.2 Methods; 5.2.2.1 Materials; 5.2.2.2 Procedure; 5.2.3 Results; 5.2.4 Discussion; 5.3 Permissive vs. Restrictive View; 5.3.1 Introducing the Debate; 5.3.2 Effect of Focus on Unrelated Items; 5.3.3 Coding; 5.3.4 Results; 5.3.5 Discussion; 5.4 Chapter Summary; References; 6 Contrastive Pitch Accents and Focus Particles; 6.1 Introduction.
2.2.1 Focal Information in Language Processing and Memory2.2.1.1 Focus and Online Sentence Processing; 2.2.1.2 Memory for Focal Information and Focus Alternatives; 2.2.2 Alternatives in Online Processing; 2.2.2.1 Pitch Accents in Cross-Modal Priming Paradigms; 2.2.2.2 Online Studies with Focus Particles; 2.3 Summary of Previous Evidence; References; 3 Long-Term Representation of the Entire Alternative Set; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Focus and Alternatives in Language Comprehension; 3.1.2 Specific Hypotheses: Lexical Meaning or Focus Association?
3.2 Experiment 1a: Salience of Alternatives in Long-Term Memory3.2.1 Goals and Predictions; 3.2.2 Method; 3.2.2.1 Participants; 3.2.2.2 Apparatus; 3.2.2.3 Materials; 3.2.2.4 Procedure; 3.2.3 Results; 3.2.4 Discussion; 3.3 Experiment 1b: Replication with Narrative Item Structure; 3.3.1 Goals and Predictions; 3.3.2 Methods; 3.3.2.1 Participants; 3.3.2.2 Materials; 3.3.2.3 Procedure; 3.3.3 Results; 3.3.4 Discussion; 3.4 Rating Study: Acceptability of Experimental Items; 3.4.1 Methods; 3.4.1.1 Participants; 3.4.1.2 Materials; 3.4.1.3 Procedure; 3.4.2 Results.
3.4.3 Correlational Analyses: Acceptability and Recall3.5 Chapter Summary; References; 4 The Mechanisms of Activation and Competitive Inhibition; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 The Probe Recognition Task; 4.1.2 Goals of Experiments 2 and 3; 4.2 Experiment 2: Mentioned and Unmentioned Alternatives; 4.2.1 Rationale and Predictions; 4.2.2 Methods; 4.2.2.1 Participants; 4.2.2.2 Materials; 4.2.2.3 Procedure; 4.2.3 Results; 4.2.4 Discussion; 4.3 Experiment 3: Activation or Inhibition?; 4.3.1 Methods; 4.3.2 Participants; 4.3.3 Materials; 4.3.4 Procedure; 4.3.5 Results; 4.3.6 Discussion.
4.4 General Discussion4.5 Chapter Summary; References; 5 What's Included in the Set of Alternatives?; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Experiment 4: Contrastive vs. General Associates; 5.2.1 Goals and Predictions; 5.2.2 Methods; 5.2.2.1 Materials; 5.2.2.2 Procedure; 5.2.3 Results; 5.2.4 Discussion; 5.3 Permissive vs. Restrictive View; 5.3.1 Introducing the Debate; 5.3.2 Effect of Focus on Unrelated Items; 5.3.3 Coding; 5.3.4 Results; 5.3.5 Discussion; 5.4 Chapter Summary; References; 6 Contrastive Pitch Accents and Focus Particles; 6.1 Introduction.