1. Introduction
PART 1: Fundamental Questions in Standard Setting
2. Using Empirical Results to Validate Performance Standards
3. Weaknesses of the Traditional View of Standard Setting and a Suggested Alternative
4. Standard Setting: Bridging the World of Research and Policy Making
5. Standard Setting in PISA and TIMSS and How these Procedures Can Be Used Nationally
6. In the Science and Practice of Standard Setting: Where is the Science??- PART 2: Standard Setting in the Nordic Countries
7. Standard Setting in Denmark: Challenges through Computer-based Adaptive Testing
8. Experiences with Standards and Criteria in Sweden
9. Validating Standard Setting in Sweden: Comparing Judgmental and Statistical Linking
10. National Tests in Norway: An Undeclared Standard in Education?- 11. Setting Standards for Multistage Tests of Norwegian for Adult Immigrants
12. Standard Setting in a Formative Assessment of Digital Responsibility Among Norwegian Eighth Graders
13. Assessment for Learning and Standards: A Norwegian Strategy and Its Challenges
14. How Do Finns Know? Educational Monitoring without Inspection and Comprehensive Testing
PART 3: New Methodological Approaches to Standard Setting
15. The Data-Driven Direct Consensus (3DC) Procedure: A New Approach to Standard Setting
16. Using Professional Judgement: A New Approach to Equating Exam Standards
17. Closing the Loop: Providing Test Developers with Performance Level Descriptors So Standard Setters Can Do Their Job
18. Setting Standards to a Scientific Literacy Test for Adults.