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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; 1 Introduction; 2 Keflavik to Reykjavik; 3 Reykjavik; 4 Reykjavik to Thingvellir (Þingvellir); 4.1 Esja-Spreading Rate and Structure; 4.2 Magma Chamber and Collapse Caldera; 4.3 Subsiding Crustal Segment-A Graben ; 5 Thingvellir (Þingvellir); 5.1 Almannagja (Almannagjá); 5.2 Peningagja and Flosagja (Peningagjá and Flosagjá); 5.3 How Do the Fractures Form?; 5.4 How Deep Are the Fractures?; 5.5 When Will the Next Eruption Occur?; 6 Thingvellir (Þingvellir) to Geysir; 6.1 Hrafnagja (Hrafnagjá); 6.2 Botnsulur and Armannsfell (Botnsúlur and Ármannsfell).
6.3 Hrafnabjörg Table Mountain6.4 Skjaldbreidur (Skjaldbreiður) Lava Shield; 6.5 Laugarvatnshellar and Hyaloclastites; 6.6 The Importance of Power Laws in Natural (and Human) Processes; 6.7 Pillow Lavas; 7 Geysir; 7.1 Mechanism of Eruption; 7.2 Geothermal Fields; 7.3 Geysers and Earthquakes; 7.4 Heat Sources; 8 Gullfoss; 8.1 Why Has Gullfoss Two Oblique Steps?; 8.2 How Did the Canyon Evolve?; 9 Gullfoss-Kerid (Kerið)-Reykjavik; 9.1 Earthquake Faults and Mountain Shapes; 9.2 Pit Crater; 9.3 Rockfalls and Earthquakes; 9.4 Lava Erupted in the Year 1000.
9.5 The Youngest Lava Flow to Have Entered Reykjavik10 Other One-Day Geological Excursions from Reykjavik; 11 Reykjavik-Hvalfjördur (Hvalfjörður); 11.1 Magma Transport Inside a Volcano; 11.2 Volcanic Systems and Dike Swarms; 11.3 Sandpit, Secondary Minerals, and Dike Propagation; 11.4 Difference Between Eruptive Fractures (Dikes) and Earthquake Fractures (Faults); 11.5 Landscapes, Landforms, and the Hvalfjördur Volcano; 11.6 What Does the Thingvellir Graben Look like at Great Depth?; 11.7 Vertical Section Through Two Lava Shields; 11.8 Table Mountain Hvalfell; 12 Reykjavik-Hengill.
12.1 Hyaloclastite Ridge12.2 Feeder-Dike; 12.3 Geology of Hengill-Overview; 12.4 Geothermy; 12.5 The Nesjahraun Lava; 12.6 Major Faults; 13 Reykjavik-Kleifarvatn-Reykjanes; 13.1 Lava Channels; 13.2 Sveifluhals (Sveifluháls) and Kleifarvatn; 13.3 Kleifarvatn-Controlled by Fractures; 13.4 Fracture Sets and Volcanic Eruptions; 13.5 The Structure of Sveifluhals (Sveifluháls); 13.6 Deformation Bands and Fluid Flow; 13.7 Geothermal Fields; 13.8 Explosion Craters-Maars; 13.9 Table Mountain Cut in Half; 13.10 Young Lava Flow and a Graben; 13.11 Volcanic Fissure and Flow Channelling.
13.12 Reykjanes-Lava Shields and Lava Fields13.13 An 800-Year-Old Fissure Eruption; 13.14 Details of 800-Year-Old Feeder and Non-feeder Dikes; 13.15 Bridge Between Two Continents; 14 Reykjavik-Eyjafjallajökull-Reynisfjara; 14.1 Largest Lava Flow Erupted on Earth in the Past 10 Thousand Years; 14.2 Earthquake Fractures from the Year 2000; 14.3 Hekla Volcano; 14.4 Seljalandsfoss Waterfall; 14.5 Eyjafjallajökull Volcano-Internal Structure and the 2010 Eruptions; 14.6 Skogarfoss (Skógarfoss) Waterfall; 14.7 Petursey (Pétursey)-An Island on Dry Land.
6.3 Hrafnabjörg Table Mountain6.4 Skjaldbreidur (Skjaldbreiður) Lava Shield; 6.5 Laugarvatnshellar and Hyaloclastites; 6.6 The Importance of Power Laws in Natural (and Human) Processes; 6.7 Pillow Lavas; 7 Geysir; 7.1 Mechanism of Eruption; 7.2 Geothermal Fields; 7.3 Geysers and Earthquakes; 7.4 Heat Sources; 8 Gullfoss; 8.1 Why Has Gullfoss Two Oblique Steps?; 8.2 How Did the Canyon Evolve?; 9 Gullfoss-Kerid (Kerið)-Reykjavik; 9.1 Earthquake Faults and Mountain Shapes; 9.2 Pit Crater; 9.3 Rockfalls and Earthquakes; 9.4 Lava Erupted in the Year 1000.
9.5 The Youngest Lava Flow to Have Entered Reykjavik10 Other One-Day Geological Excursions from Reykjavik; 11 Reykjavik-Hvalfjördur (Hvalfjörður); 11.1 Magma Transport Inside a Volcano; 11.2 Volcanic Systems and Dike Swarms; 11.3 Sandpit, Secondary Minerals, and Dike Propagation; 11.4 Difference Between Eruptive Fractures (Dikes) and Earthquake Fractures (Faults); 11.5 Landscapes, Landforms, and the Hvalfjördur Volcano; 11.6 What Does the Thingvellir Graben Look like at Great Depth?; 11.7 Vertical Section Through Two Lava Shields; 11.8 Table Mountain Hvalfell; 12 Reykjavik-Hengill.
12.1 Hyaloclastite Ridge12.2 Feeder-Dike; 12.3 Geology of Hengill-Overview; 12.4 Geothermy; 12.5 The Nesjahraun Lava; 12.6 Major Faults; 13 Reykjavik-Kleifarvatn-Reykjanes; 13.1 Lava Channels; 13.2 Sveifluhals (Sveifluháls) and Kleifarvatn; 13.3 Kleifarvatn-Controlled by Fractures; 13.4 Fracture Sets and Volcanic Eruptions; 13.5 The Structure of Sveifluhals (Sveifluháls); 13.6 Deformation Bands and Fluid Flow; 13.7 Geothermal Fields; 13.8 Explosion Craters-Maars; 13.9 Table Mountain Cut in Half; 13.10 Young Lava Flow and a Graben; 13.11 Volcanic Fissure and Flow Channelling.
13.12 Reykjanes-Lava Shields and Lava Fields13.13 An 800-Year-Old Fissure Eruption; 13.14 Details of 800-Year-Old Feeder and Non-feeder Dikes; 13.15 Bridge Between Two Continents; 14 Reykjavik-Eyjafjallajökull-Reynisfjara; 14.1 Largest Lava Flow Erupted on Earth in the Past 10 Thousand Years; 14.2 Earthquake Fractures from the Year 2000; 14.3 Hekla Volcano; 14.4 Seljalandsfoss Waterfall; 14.5 Eyjafjallajökull Volcano-Internal Structure and the 2010 Eruptions; 14.6 Skogarfoss (Skógarfoss) Waterfall; 14.7 Petursey (Pétursey)-An Island on Dry Land.