Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; List of abbreviations; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Problem and context; 1.2 Objectives; 1.3 Approach, scope, and outline; 2 Methods; 3 Conceiving a role for science in EIA; 3.1 Science and politics; 3.2 Science inside and science outside; 3.3 Science, politics, and administration; 4 Foundations of science in EIA; 4.1 Early EIA methods; 4.2 Challenges from the scientific community; 4.3 First generation scientific guidance; 4.4 Provisions for scoping; 4.5 Second generation scientific guidance; 5 Beyond traditional science; 5.1 Adaptive management

5.2 Post-normal science5.3 Transdisciplinary imagination; 5.4 Citizen science; 6 Emerging concepts for science in EIA; 6.1 Resilience; 6.2 Thresholds; 6.3 Complexity; 6.4 Landscape ecology; 6.5 Biodiversity; 6.6 Sustainability; 6.7 Climate change; 6.8 Ecosystem services; 7 Science in the EIA process; 7.1 Scoping; 7.1.1 Overview; 7.1.2 Alternatives; 7.1.3 VECs; 7.1.4 Indicators; 7.1.5 Boundaries; 7.1.6 Drivers; 7.2 Ecological characterization; 7.2.1 Overview; 7.2.2 Mobilizing science outside EIA; 7.2.2.1 Functional relationships; 7.2.2.2 Parameters and process studies

7.2.3 Data collection inside EIA7.2.3.1 Field surveys; 7.2.3.2 Local, traditional, and aboriginal knowledge; 7.2.3.3 Integrating field surveys and traditional knowledge; 7.3 Cause-effect research; 7.3.1 Need for cause-effect knowledge inside EIA; 7.3.2 Creation of cause-effect knowledge outside EIA; 7.4 Impact prediction; 7.4.1 Prediction and uncertainty in EIA; 7.4.2 Using science to predict environmental impacts; 7.5 Impact significance determination; 7.5.1 Overview; 7.5.2 Integrating technical and collaborative approaches; 7.6 Evaluation of alternatives; 7.6.1 Overview

7.6.2 Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches7.7 Formal reviews; 7.7.1 Overview; 7.7.2 Administrative, scientific, and political dimensions; 7.8 Follow-up; 7.8.1 Overview; 7.8.2 Effects monitoring, adaptive management, and participation; 7.8.3 Environmental effects knowledge; 8 Conclusions; Index